Exploring Layers and Ripples support page

About this page

This page provides support materials for the book Exploring Layers and Ripples: Studying English with Computer Parsing (978-1-84890-522-1) by Alastair Butler published by College Publications. This page links to versions of the parser described in the book that you can download. This page also lists examples to parse from the book. This is given as help to the reader who might copy and paste listed examples into one of the available versions of the parser to experience parsing the book discusses.

For additional assistance and for reporting mistakes found in the book, please contact the author at ajb129 __AT__ hirosaki-u __DOT__ ac __DOT__ jp

Available versions of the parser

There are three versions of the parser available:

• There is an on-line version you can use through a web based portal when connected to the internet. This version has links to further examples with links to click to see parse results.

• There is a precompiled windows executable made with the Mercury compiler. To use this version, you should download the executable onto a 64 bit version of windows and double click the executable whereupon you will be able to enter examples and see parse results.

• There is the source Prolog version that is given in the book. You can obtain a download of this code. The download contains a README.txt file with details of how to load the program into the XSB Tabling Prolog system that you will need to have installed on your local computer.

Note: How content to parse is entered depends on which version of the parser is being used. Details of the appropriate format are given in the next section.

A listing of content from the book

The following lists chapter and section headings from the book together with the content of examples to be parsed. Information for undertaking a parse is given in two formats:

• The first is the version that appears in the book and is the content that should be entered at a Prolog interpreter prompt that has the Prolog version of the parser code preloaded.

• The second is a version not listed in the book that presents word analysis with an inline format used by both the on-line version of the parser and the windows executable version of the parser that is compiled by Mercury. With this inline format, words are given followed by an open square bracket character (‘[’) and then the tag label for the word (including extensions and codes) followed by a closing bracket character (‘]’), e.g.:
  A[D] man[N] smiled[VBD;_I_] .[PUNC]

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1    Encircling layers

1.2    Phrase structure rules

1.2.1    [Question]

1.3    Computer parsing

1.4    Representing layered structure

1.5    Structural analysis and labelling

1.6    Orientation

1.7    Sentences

(1.7)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'He'), w('VBP', ';_I_', 'smiles'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

He[PRO] smiles[VBP;_I_] .[PUNC]

(1.8)

tphrase_set_string([w('VB', ';_I_', 'Smile'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

Smile[VB;_I_] .[PUNC]

(1.9)

tphrase_set_string([w('VBP', ';_I_', 'Smiles'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

Smiles[VBP;_I_] .[PUNC]

(1.10)

tphrase_set_string([w('DOD', '', 'Did'), w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'smile'), w('PUNC', '', '?')]), parse(sentence).

Did[DOD] he[PRO] smile[VB;_I_] ?[PUNC]

(1.11)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'He'), w('MD', ';_cat_Vi_', 'might'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'smile'), w('PUNC', '', ','), w('MD', ';_cat_Vi_', 'might'), w('NEG', ';_clitic_', 'n<apos>t'), w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('PUNC', '', '?')]), parse(sentence).

He[PRO] might[MD;_cat_Vi_] smile[VB;_I_] ,[PUNC] might[MD;_cat_Vi_] n<apos>t[NEG;_clitic_] he[PRO] ?[PUNC]

(1.12)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'He'), w('VBP', ';_I_', 'smiles'), w('CONJ', '', 'and'), w('ADV', '', 'so'), w('DOP', '', 'does'), w('PRO', '', 'she'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

He[PRO] smiles[VBP;_I_] and[CONJ] so[ADV] does[DOP] she[PRO] .[PUNC]

1.7.1    [Question]

(1.13)

tphrase_set_string([w('DOD', '', 'Did'), w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'smile'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

Did[DOD] he[PRO] smile[VB;_I_] .[PUNC]

(1.14)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('DOD', '', 'did'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'smile'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

he[PRO] did[DOD] smile[VB;_I_] .[PUNC]

(1.15)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('DOD', '', 'did'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'smile'), w('PUNC', '', '?')]), parse(sentence).

he[PRO] did[DOD] smile[VB;_I_] ?[PUNC]

1.7.2    Right node raising

(1.18)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'I'), w('BEP', ';_cat_Vg_', 'am'), w('VAG', ';_Ipr_', 'talking'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'about'), w('CONJ', '', 'and'), w('VAG', ';_Ipr_', 'campaigning'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'for'), w('PUNC', '', ','), w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'hedgehog'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

I[PRO] am[BEP;_cat_Vg_] talking[VAG;_Ipr_] about[P-ROLE] and[CONJ] campaigning[VAG;_Ipr_] for[P-ROLE] ,[PUNC] the[D] hedgehog[N] .[PUNC]

1.8    Fragments and utterances

(1.23)

tphrase_set_string([w('VB', ';_I_', 'Beware'), w('PUNC', '', '!'), w('PRO', ';_genm_', 'His'), w('ADJ', '', 'flashing'), w('NS', '', 'eyes'), w('PUNC', '', '!')]), parse(utterance('', nt)).

Beware[VB;_I_] ![PUNC] His[PRO;_genm_] flashing[ADJ] eyes[NS] ![PUNC]

1.9    About Prolog

1.9.1    Variables

1.9.2    Atoms

1.9.3    Compound terms

1.9.4    Lists

1.9.5    Incomplete lists

1.9.6    Pretty printing trees

1.9.7    The parse routine

Chapter 2: Words

2.1    Introduction

2.2    Noun words

(2.2)

tphrase_set_string([w('NS', '', 'boys')]), parse(noun).

(2.5)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', ';_ppge_', 'Theirs'), w('BEP', ';_La_', 'is'), w('ADJ', '', 'large'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

Theirs[PRO;_ppge_] is[BEP;_La_] large[ADJ] .[PUNC]

2.2.1    [Question]

(2.6)

tphrase_set_string([w('PNX', '', 'itself')]), parse(noun_head_full('non_privileged')).

(2.7)

tphrase_set_string([w('PNX', '', 'itself')]), parse(noun_head_full('established')).

(2.8)

tphrase_set_string([w('PNX', '', 'itself')]), parse(noun_head_full('interrogative')).

(2.9)

tphrase_set_string([w('PNX', '', 'itself')]), parse(noun_head_full('relative')).

(2.10)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'it')]), parse(noun_head_full('non_privileged')).

(2.11)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'it')]), parse(noun_head_full('established')).

(2.12)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'it')]), parse(noun_head_full('interrogative')).

(2.13)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'it')]), parse(noun_head_full('relative')).

(2.14)

tphrase_set_string([w('WPRO', '', 'who')]), parse(noun_head_full('non_privileged')).

(2.15)

tphrase_set_string([w('WPRO', '', 'who')]), parse(noun_head_full('established')).

(2.16)

tphrase_set_string([w('WPRO', '', 'who')]), parse(noun_head_full('interrogative')).

(2.17)

tphrase_set_string([w('WPRO', '', 'who')]), parse(noun_head_full('relative')).

(2.18)

tphrase_set_string([w('RPRO', '', 'who')]), parse(noun_head_full('non_privileged')).

(2.19)

tphrase_set_string([w('RPRO', '', 'who')]), parse(noun_head_full('established')).

(2.20)

tphrase_set_string([w('RPRO', '', 'who')]), parse(noun_head_full('interrogative')).

(2.21)

tphrase_set_string([w('RPRO', '', 'who')]), parse(noun_head_full('relative')).

2.3    Determiner words

2.4    Genitive markers

2.5    Subject indicating words

2.6    Adverb words

2.7    Adjective words

2.8    Verb words

2.8.1    Verb classes

2.8.2    Verb codes

2.8.3    [Question]

(2.31)

tphrase_set_string([Word]), parse(verb(Infl, Code)), fail.

2.8.4    [Question]

(2.32)

tphrase_set_string([w('N', '', 'Business'), w('NS', '', 'people'), w('VBP', Y, 'make'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

Business[N] people[NS] make[VBP;_I_] .[PUNC]

2.9    Modal verbs

2.10    Other clause level words

2.11    Connective words

2.12    Punctuation

Chapter 3: Phrase layers

3.1    Introduction

3.2    Noun phrases

(3.2)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'He'), w('VBD', ';_Tn_', 'fires'), w('PRO', '', 'it'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

He[PRO] fires[VBD;_Tn_] it[PRO] .[PUNC]

(3.3)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'It'), w('VBD', ';_Tn_', 'fires'), w('PNX', '', 'itself'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

It[PRO] fires[VBD;_Tn_] itself[PNX] .[PUNC]

(3.4)

tphrase_set_string([w('PNX', '', 'Itself'), w('VBD', ';_Tn_', 'fires'), w('PRO', '', 'it'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

Itself[PNX] fires[VBD;_Tn_] it[PRO] .[PUNC]

3.2.1    The noun phrase top rule

(3.6)

tphrase_set_string([w('WPRO', '', 'who')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

who[WPRO]

(3.8)

tphrase_set_string([w('RPRO', '', 'who')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

3.2.2    Initial noun phrase layers

(3.11)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'you'), w('PUNC', '', ','), w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('CONJ', ';_phrase_', 'and'), w('PRO', '', 'I')]), parse(noun_phrase('-SBJ', nt, 'established')).

you[PRO] ,[PUNC] he[PRO] and[CONJ;_phrase_] I[PRO]

3.2.3    [Question]

(3.13)

tphrase_set_string([w('CONJ', ';_phrase_', 'both'), w('PRO', '', 'you'), w('CONJ', ';_phrase_', 'and'), w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('CONJ', ';_phrase_', 'and'), w('PRO', '', 'I')]), parse(noun_phrase('-SBJ', nt, 'established')).

both[CONJ;_phrase_] you[PRO] and[CONJ;_phrase_] he[PRO] and[CONJ;_phrase_] I[PRO]

(3.14)

tphrase_set_string([w('CONJ', ';_phrase_', 'both'), w('PRO', '', 'you'), w('PUNC', '', ','), w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('CONJ', ';_phrase_', 'and'), w('PRO', '', 'I')]), parse(noun_phrase('-SBJ', nt, 'established')).

both[CONJ;_phrase_] you[PRO] ,[PUNC] he[PRO] and[CONJ;_phrase_] I[PRO]

(3.15)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'you'), w('CONJ', ';_phrase_', 'and'), w('CONJ', ';_phrase_', 'both'), w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('CONJ', ';_phrase_', 'and'), w('PRO', '', 'I')]), parse(noun_phrase('-SBJ', nt, 'established')).

you[PRO] and[CONJ;_phrase_] both[CONJ;_phrase_] he[PRO] and[CONJ;_phrase_] I[PRO]

(3.16)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'you'), w('PUNC', '', ','), w('CONJ', ';_phrase_', 'both'), w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('CONJ', ';_phrase_', 'and'), w('PRO', '', 'I')]), parse(noun_phrase('-SBJ', nt, 'established')).

you[PRO] ,[PUNC] both[CONJ;_phrase_] he[PRO] and[CONJ;_phrase_] I[PRO]

3.2.4    Internal noun phrase layers

(3.23)

tphrase_set_string([w('NS', '', 'boys')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

boys[NS]

3.2.5    Determiner layer

(3.26)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'application'), w('CONJ', ';_phrase_', 'and'), w('NS', '', 'results')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

the[D] application[N] and[CONJ;_phrase_] results[N]

(3.30)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'application'), w('CONJ', ';_phrase_', 'and'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'result')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

the[D] application[N] and[CONJ;_phrase_] a[D] result[N]

3.2.6    Genitive noun phrase layer

(3.34)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', ';_nphd_', 'someone'), w('GENM', '', '<apos>s'), w('N', '', 'cash'), w('N', '', 'offer')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

someone[D;_nphd_] <apos>s[GENM] cash[N] offer[N]

3.3    Adverb phrases

3.4    Adjective phrases

(3.42)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', '', 'one'), w('ADV', '', 'especially'), w('ADJ', '', 'important'), w('ADJ', '', 'difficult'), w('N', '', 'area')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

one[D] especially[ADV] important[ADJ] difficult[ADJ] area[N]

3.5    Preposition phrases

(3.50)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'ascent'), w('P-ROLE', ';_phrase_', 'of'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('ADJ', '', 'human'), w('N', '', 'figure'), w('P-ROLE', ';_phrase_', 'from'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'direction'), w('P-ROLE', ';_phrase_', 'of'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('ADJ', '', 'distant'), w('N', '', 'town')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

the[D] ascent[N] of[P-ROLE;_phrase_] a[D] human[ADJ] figure[N] from[P-ROLE;_phrase_] the[D] direction[N] of[P-ROLE;_phrase_] the[D] distant[ADJ] town[N]

Chapter 4: Verb complements

4.1    Introduction

4.2    Linking verbs

4.2.1    ;_La_

(4.5)

verb_complements_by_code(';_La_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('ADJ', '', 'tall')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

He[PRO] appeared[VBD;_La_] tall[ADJ] .[PUNC]

(4.7)

verb_complements_by_code(';_La_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('ADJ', '', 'cold')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

It[PRO;_expletive_] is[BEP;_La_] cold[ADJ] .[PUNC]

(4.9)

verb_complements_by_code(';_La_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('ADJ', ';_cat_', 'unable'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'move')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

He[PRO] was[BED;_La_] unable[ADJ;_cat_] to[TO] move[VB;_I_] .[PUNC]

(4.11)

verb_complements_by_code(';_La_', store([adjp(node('*ICH*', '', index(102), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

How[WADV] annoying[ADJ] would[MD;_cat_Vi_] that[D;_nphd_] be[BE;_La_] ?[PUNC]

4.2.2    ;_Ln_

(4.14)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Ln_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'burglar')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] thought[VBD;_Tf_] you[PRO] were[BED;_Ln_] a[D] burglar[N] ![PUNC]

(4.16)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Ln_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('N', '', 'night')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

It[PRO;_expletive_] was[BED;_Ln_] night[N] .[PUNC]

(4.18)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Ln_', store([np(node('*T*', '', filler, []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

the[D] man[N] I[PRO] thought[VBD;_Tf_] you[PRO] were[BED;_Ln_]

4.3    Intransitive verbs

4.3.1    ;_I_

(4.21)

verb_complements_by_code(';_I_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

He[PRO] smiled[VBD;_I_] .[PUNC]

(4.23)

verb_complements_by_code(';_I_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

It[PRO;_expletive_] rained[VBD;_I_] .[PUNC]

4.3.2    [Question]

(4.24)

tphrase_set_string([w('EX', '', 'There'), w('VBD', ';_I_', 'rained'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

There[EX] rained[VBD;_I_] .[PUNC]

4.3.3    ;_Ip_

(4.27)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Ip_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('RP', '', 'back')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Nasha[NPR] looked[VBD;_Ip_] back[RP] .[PUNC]

(4.29)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Ip_', store([advp(node('*ICH*', '', index(111), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

the[D] place[N] where[RADV] you[PRO] are[BEP;_cat_Vg_] standing[VAG;_Ip_]

4.3.4    ;_Ipr_

(4.32)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Ipr_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', '', 'to'), w('N', '', 'bed')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

They[PRO] went[VBD;_Ipr_] to[P-ROLE] bed[N] .[PUNC]

(4.34)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Ipr_', store([np(node('*T*', '', filler, []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', '', 'to')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

a[D] place[N] that[C] they[PRO] all[ADV] went[VBD;_Ipr_] to[P-ROLE]

(4.36)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Ipr_', store([pp(node('*ICH*', '', index(109), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

leaks[NS] through[P-ROLE] which[RPRO] the[D] precious[ADJ] air[N] was[BED;_cat_Vg_] rushing[VAG;_Ipr_]

(4.38)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Ipr_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', '', 'after')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

These[D;_nphd_] are[BEP;_cat_VePASS_] looked[VVN;_Ipr_] after[P-ROLE] .[PUNC]

4.3.5    ;_In/pr_

(4.41)

verb_complements_by_code(';_In/pr_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'fortnight')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

We[PRO] stayed[VBD;_In/pr_] a[D] fortnight[N] .[PUNC]

(4.43)

verb_complements_by_code(';_In/pr_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', '', 'for'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'fortnight')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

We[PRO] stayed[VBD;_In/pr_] for[P-ROLE] a[D] fortnight[N] .[PUNC]

4.3.6    ;_It_

(4.46)

verb_complements_by_code(';_It_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'conquer')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

They[PRO] came[VBD;_It_] to[TO] conquer[VB;_I_] .[PUNC]

(4.48)

verb_complements_by_code(';_It_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('P-CONN', '', 'for'), w('PRO', ';_expletive_', 'it'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'rain')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

We[PRO] waited[VBD;_It_] for[P-CONN] it[PRO;_expletive_] to[TO] rain[VB;_I_] .[PUNC]

4.4    Mono-transitive verbs

4.4.1    ;_Tn_

(4.51)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('NPR', '', 'John')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

The[D] teacher[N] scolded[VBD;_Tn_] John[NPR] .[PUNC]

(4.53)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn_', store([np(node('*ICH*', '', index(108), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

a[D] student[N] who[RPRO] the[D] teacher[N] scolded[VBD;_Tn_]

(4.55)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

John[NPR] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] scolded[VVN;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

(4.57)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

John[NPR] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] scolded[VVN;_Tn_] by[P-ROLE;_lgs_] the[D] teacher[N] .[PUNC]

4.4.2    ;_Tn.p_

(4.60)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn.p_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'gas'), w('RP', '', 'on')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Susan[NPR] turned[VBD;_Tn.p_] the[D] gas[N] on[RP] .[PUNC]

(4.62)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn.p_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('RP', '', 'in'), w('PRO', ';_genm_', 'my'), w('N', '', 'breath')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] sucked[VBD;_Tn.p_] in[RP] my[PRO;_genm_] breath[N] .[PUNC]

(4.64)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn.p_', store([np(node('*T*', '', filler, []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('RP', '', 'in')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

more[ADJR] stuff[N] to[TO] put[VB;_Tn.p_] in[RP]

(4.66)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn.p_', store([advp(node('*ICH*', '', index(105), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'treasure')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] wonder[VBP;_Tw_] where[WADV] she[PRO] <apos>s[HVP;_cat_Ve_] hidden[VVN;_Tn.p_] the[D] treasure[N] .[PUNC]

(4.68)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn.p_', store([advp(node('*ICH*', '', index(105), [])), np(node('*ICH*', '', index(101), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] wonder[VBP;_Tw_] how[WADV] she[PRO] acquired[VBD;_Tn_] and[CONJ] where[WADV] she[PRO] <apos>s[HVP;_cat_Ve_] hidden[VVN;_Tn.p_] ,[PUNC] the[D] treasure[N] .[PUNC]

(4.70)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn.p_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('RP', '', 'off')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

The[D] straw[N] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] peeled[VVN;_Tn.p_] off[RP] .[PUNC]

(4.72)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn.p_', store([advp(node('*ICH*', '', index(105), []))], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] wonder[VBP;_Tw_] where[WADV] the[D] treasure[N] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] hidden[VVN;_Tn.p_] .[PUNC]

4.4.3    ;_Tn.pr_

(4.75)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn.pr_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', '', 'me'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'with'), w('N', '', 'fear')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

It[PRO] filled[VBD;_Tn.pr_] me[PRO] with[P-ROLE] fear[N] .[PUNC]

(4.77)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn.pr_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', '', 'in'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'taskwindow'), w('D', '', 'an'), w('N', '', 'executable')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

taskW[NPR] runs[VBP;_Tn.pr_] in[P-ROLE] a[D] taskwindow[N] an[D] executable[N] .[PUNC]

(4.79)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn.pr_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', ';_provisional_', 'it'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'to'), w('PRO', '', 'you'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'decide')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] leave[VBP;_Tn.pr_] it[PRO;_provisional_] to[P-ROLE] you[PRO] to[TO] decide[VB;_I_] .[PUNC]

(4.81)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn.pr_', store([np(node('*ICH*', '', index(108), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('N', '', 'items'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'over_to')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

the[D] people[NS] who[RPRO] I[PRO] take[VBP;_Tn.pr_] items[N] over_to[P-ROLE]

(4.83)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn.pr_', store([pp(node('*ICH*', '', index(109), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('N', '', 'items')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

the[D] people[NS] over_to[P-ROLE] who[RPRO] I[PRO] take[VBP;_Tn.pr_] items[N]

(4.85)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn.pr_', store([np(node('*ICH*', '', index(108), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', '', 'over_to'), w('PRO', ';_genm_', 'my'), w('N', '', 'mother')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

items[NS] which[RPRO] I[PRO] take[VBP;_Tn.pr_] over_to[P-ROLE] my[PRO;_genm_] mother[N]

(4.87)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn.pr_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', '', 'on'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'wall')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Two[N] certificates[NS] are[BEP;_cat_VePASS_] pinned[VVN;_Tn.pr_] on[P-ROLE] the[D] wall[N] .[PUNC]

(4.89)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn.pr_', store([np(node('*T*', '', filler, []))], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', '', 'on')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

the[D] diet[N] he[PRO] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] put[VVN;_Tn.pr_] on[P-ROLE]

(4.91)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn.pr_', store([pp(node('*ICH*', '', index(109), []))], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

the[D] diet[N] on[P-ROLE] which[RPRO] he[PRO] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] put[VVN;_Tn.pr_]

(4.93)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tn.pr_', store([], []), filled_sbj, passive, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', ';_lgs_', 'by'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'doctor'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'on'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'diet')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

He[PRO] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] put[VVN;_Tn.pr_] by[P-ROLE;_lgs_] the[D] doctor[N] on[P-ROLE] a[D] diet[N] .[PUNC]

4.4.4    ;_Tf_

(4.96)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tf_', store([np(node('*ICH*', '', index(102), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('D', '', 'an'), w('N', '', 'exploring_party'), w('MD', ';_cat_Vi_', 'would'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'find')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

What[WPRO] do[DOP] you[PRO] suppose[VB;_Tf_] an[D] exploring_party[N] would[MD;_cat_Vi_] find[VB;_Tn_] ?[PUNC]

4.4.5    ;_Tw_

(4.99)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tw_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('WADV', '', 'how'), w('N', '', 'information'), w('VBP', ';_Ipr_', 'flows'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'through'), w('N', '', 'structure')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

A[D] parse[N] tells[VBP;_Tw_] how[WADV] information[N] flows[VBP;_Ipr_] through[P-ROLE] structure[N] .[PUNC]

(4.101)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tw_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('WPRO', '', 'what'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('DO', ';_Tn_', 'do')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] do[DOP] n<apos>t[NEG;_clitic_] know[VB;_Tw_] what[WPRO] to[TO] do[DO;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

4.4.6    ;_Tr_

(4.104)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tr_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PULQ', '', '<ldquo>'), w('PRO', '', 'I'), w('BEP', ';_cat_Vg_', '<apos>m'), w('VAG', ';_Ipr_', 'going'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'to'), w('N', '', 'bed'), w('PUNC', '', '.'), w('PURQ', '', '<rdquo>')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] said[VBD;_Tr_] <ldquo>[PULQ] I[PRO] <apos>m[BEP;_cat_Vg_] going[VAG;_Ipr_] to[P-ROLE] bed[N] .[PUNC] <rdquo>[PURQ] .[PUNC]

(4.106)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tr_', store([utterance(node('*ICH*', '', index(103), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

<ldquo>[PULQ] A[D] paradox[N] .[PUNC] <rdquo>[PURQ] ,[PUNC] Nasha[NPR] said[VBD;_Tr_] .[PUNC]

4.4.7    ;_Tt_

(4.109)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tt_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'meet')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

We[PRO] had[HVD;_cat_Ve_] planned[VVN;_Tt_] to[TO] meet[VB;_I_] .[PUNC]

4.4.8    ;_Tnt_

(4.112)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tnt_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('Q', '', 'no'), w('N', '', 'building'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('BE', ';_cat_VePASS_', 'be'), w('VVN', ';_Tn_', 'erected')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

They[PRO] allowed[VBD;_Tnt_] no[Q] building[N] to[TO] be[BE;_cat_VePASS_] erected[VVN;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

(4.114)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tnt_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', ';_expletive_', 'it'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'rain')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

John[NPR] needed[VBD;_Tnt_] it[PRO;_expletive_] to[TO] rain[VB;_I_] .[PUNC]

(4.116)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tnt_', store([np(node('*ICH*', '', index(108), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('TO', '', 'to'), w('BE', ';_La_', 'be'), w('ADJ', '', 'correct')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

something[D;_nphd_] which[RPRO] he[PRO] believes[VBP;_Tnt_] to[TO] be[BE;_La_] correct[ADJ]

(4.118)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tnt_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('TO', '', 'to'), w('BE', ';_cat_VePASS_', 'be'), w('VVN', ';_Tn_', 'erected')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

No[Q] building[N] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] allowed[VVN;_Tnt_] to[TO] be[BE;_cat_VePASS_] erected[VVN;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

(4.120)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tnt_', store([], []), filled_sbj, passive, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', ';_lgs_', 'by'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('NS', '', 'pirates'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('BE', ';_La_', 'be'), w('ADJ', '', 'safe')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

This[D] place[N] is[BEP;_cat_VePASS_] believed[VVN;_Tnt_] by[P-ROLE;_lgs_] the[D] pirates[NS] to[TO] be[BE;_La_] safe[ADJ] .[PUNC]

(4.122)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tnt_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', ';_provisional_', 'it'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('BE', ';_La_', 'be'), w('ADJ', '', 'easy'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'impress'), w('NPR', '', 'Sandy')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Kim[NPR] expected[VBD;_Tnt_] it[PRO;_provisional_] to[TO] be[BE;_La_] easy[ADJ] to[TO] impress[VB;_Tn_] Sandy[NPR] .[PUNC]

(4.124)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tnt_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('EX', '', 'there'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('BE', ';_ex_Vpr_', 'be'), w('N', '', 'oil'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'in'), w('NPR', '', 'Brooklyn')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Some[D] geologists[NS] believe[VBP;_Tnt_] there[EX] to[TO] be[BE;_ex_Vpr_] oil[N] in[P-ROLE] Brooklyn[NPR] .[PUNC]

(4.126)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tnt_', store([], []), there_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('TO', '', 'to'), w('BE', ';_ex_Vpr_', 'be'), w('N', '', 'oil'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'in'), w('NPR', '', 'Brooklyn')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

There[EX] is[BEP;_cat_VePASS_] believed[VVN;_Tnt_] by[P-ROLE;_lgs_] some[D] geologists[NS] to[TO] be[BE;_ex_Vpr_] oil[N] in[P-ROLE] Brooklyn[NPR] .[PUNC]

4.4.9    ;_Tprt_

(4.129)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tprt_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', '', 'on'), w('PRO', '', 'you'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'come')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

We[PRO] depend[VBP;_Tprt_] on[P-ROLE] you[PRO] to[TO] come[VB;_I_] .[PUNC]

4.4.10    ;_Tni_

(4.132)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tni_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'blood'), w('VB', ';_Ipr_', 'run'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'from'), w('PRO', ';_genm_', 'their'), w('N', '', 'face')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

You[PRO] can[MD;_cat_Vi_] see[VB;_Tni_] the[D] blood[N] run[VB;_Ipr_] from[P-ROLE] their;<PEOPLE>[PRO;_genm_] face[N] .[PUNC]

(4.134)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tni_', store([np(node('*ICH*', '', index(108), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'answer'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'phone')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

There[EX] is[BEP;_ex_V_] someone[D;_nphd_] whom[RPRO] Helen[NPR] saw[VBD;_Tni_] answer[VB;_Tn_] the[D] phone[N] .[PUNC]

4.4.11    ;_Tg_

(4.137)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tg_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('VAG', ';_I_', 'shouting')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Stop[VB;_Tg_] shouting[VAG;_I_] .[PUNC]

4.4.12    ;_Tng_

(4.140)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tng_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', ';_expletive_', 'it'), w('VAG', ';_I_', 'raining')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

She[PRO] could[MD;_cat_Vi_] feel[VB;_Tng_] it[PRO;_expletive_] raining[VAG;_I_] .[PUNC]

(4.142)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tng_', store([np(node('*ICH*', '', index(108), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('VAG', ';_Tn_', 'hoeing'), w('NS', '', 'onions')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

There[EX] is[BEP;_ex_V_] someone[D;_nphd_] whom[RPRO] Helen[NPR] saw[VBD;_Tng_] hoeing[VAG;_Tn_] onions[NS] .[PUNC]

(4.144)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tng_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('VAG', ';_Ipr_', 'hovering'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'around'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'surface')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

The[D] raiders[NS] can[MD;_cat_Vi_] be[BE;_cat_VePASS_] seen[VVN;_Tng_] hovering[VAG;_Ipr_] around[P-ROLE] the[D] surface[N] .[PUNC]

4.4.13    ;_Tsg_

(4.147)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tsg_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', ';_genm_', 'my'), w('VAG', ';_Dn.*_', 'telling'), w('PRO', '', 'you')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Do[DOP] n<apos>t[NEG;_clitic_] you[PRO] remember[VB;_Tsg_] my[PRO;_genm_] telling[VAG;_Dn.*_] you[PRO] ?[PUNC]

(4.149)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Tsg_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', '', 'me'), w('VAG', ';_Dn.*_', 'telling'), w('PRO', '', 'you')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Do[DOP] n<apos>t[NEG;_clitic_] you[PRO] remember[VB;_Tsg_] me[PRO] telling[VAG;_Dn.*_] you[PRO] ?[PUNC]

4.5    Ditransitive verbs

4.5.1    ;_Dn.n_

(4.152)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.n_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', '', 'it'), w('PRO', '', 'her')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

He[PRO] gave[VBD;_Dn.n_] it[PRO] her[PRO] .[PUNC]

(4.154)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.n_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', '', 'me'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('ADJ', '', 'new'), w('N', '', 'bike')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Daddy[N] bought[VBD;_Dn.n_] me[PRO] a[D] new[ADJ] bike[N] .[PUNC]

(4.156)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.n_', store([np(node('*T*', '', filler, []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PNX', '', 'himself')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

the[D] task[N] he;<PERSON>[PRO] set[VBD;_Dn.n_] himself;<PERSON>[PNX]

(4.158)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.n_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('N', '', 'two'), w('NS', '', 'recordings')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

We[PRO] were[BED;_cat_VePASS_] played[VVN;_Dn.n_] two[N] recordings[NS] .[PUNC]

(4.160)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.n_', store([np(node('*T*', '', filler, []))], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

everything[Q;_nphd_] everyone[Q;_nphd_] has[HVP;_cat_Ve_] been[BEN;_cat_VePASS_] taught[VVN;_Dn.n_]

4.5.2    ;_Dn.f_

(4.163)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.f_', store([np(node('*ICH*', '', index(104), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', '', 'us'), w('PRO', '', 'we'), w('MD', ';_cat_Vi_', 'must'), w('DO', ';_Tn_', 'do')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

That[D;_nphd_] is[BEP;_equ_Vw_] what[WPRO] the[D] advice[N] tells[VBP;_Dn.f_] us[PRO] we[PRO] must[MD;_cat_Vi_] do[DO;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

(4.165)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.f_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('C', '', 'that'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'laser'), w('MD', ';_cat_Vi_', 'can'), w('VB', ';_Ipr_', 'cut'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'through'), w('N', '', 'concrete')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

We[PRO] got[VBD;_cat_VePASS_] told[VVN;_Dn.f_] that[C] the[D] laser[N] can[MD;_cat_Vi_] cut[VB;_Ipr_] through[P-ROLE] concrete[N] .[PUNC]

4.5.3    ;_Dn.w_

(4.168)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.w_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', '', 'me'), w('WADV', '', 'how'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'milk'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('NS', '', 'cows')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

My[PRO;_genm_] uncle[N] showed[VBD;_Dn.w_] me[PRO] how[WADV] to[TO] milk[VB;_Tn_] the[D] cows[NS] .[PUNC]

(4.170)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.w_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('WQ', '', 'if'), w('PRO', '', 'we'), w('VBD', ';_Tn_', 'believed'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'report')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

We[PRO] were[BED;_cat_VePASS_] asked[VVN;_Dn.w_] if[WQ] we[PRO] believed[VBD;_Tn_] the[D] report[N] .[PUNC]

4.5.4    ;_Dn.r_

(4.173)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.r_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('D', '', 'the'), w('NPR', '', 'Prime'), w('NPR', '', 'Minister'), w('PULQ', '', '<ldquo>'), w('BEP', ';_La_', 'Is'), w('PRO', '', 'it'), w('ADJ', '', 'true'), w('PUNC', '', '?'), w('PURQ', '', '<rdquo>')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

She[PRO] asked[VBD;_Dn.r_] the[D] Prime[NPR] Minister[NPR] <ldquo>[PULQ] Is[BEP;_La_] it;<CLAIM>[PRO] true[ADJ] ?[PUNC] <rdquo>[PURQ] .[PUNC]

(4.175)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.r_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('PULQ', '', '<ldquo>'), w('BEP', ';_La_', 'Is'), w('PRO', '', 'it'), w('ADJ', '', 'true'), w('PUNC', '', '?'), w('PURQ', '', '<rdquo>')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

The[D] Prime[NPR] Minister[NPR] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] asked[VVN;_Dn.r_] <ldquo>[PULQ] Is[BEP;_La_] it;<CLAIM>[PRO] true[ADJ] ?[PUNC] <rdquo>[PURQ] .[PUNC]

4.5.5    ;_Dn.t_

(4.178)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.t_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('NPR', '', 'Andrew'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('HV', ';_Tn_', 'have'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'go')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] asked[VBD;_Dn.t_] Andrew[NPR] to[TO] have[HV;_Tn_] a[D] go[N] .[PUNC]

(4.180)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.t_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'make'), w('D', ';_nphd_', 'anything')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] have[HVP;_cat_Ve_] been[BEN;_cat_VePASS_] forbidden[VVN;_Dn.t_] to[TO] make[VB;_Tn_] anything[D;_nphd_] .[PUNC]

4.5.6    ;_Dn.*_

(4.183)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.*_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', '', 'you')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] did[DOD] tell[VB;_Dn.*_] you[PRO] .[PUNC]

4.5.7    ;_Dn.pr_

(4.186)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.pr_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('D', '', 'a'), w('ADJ', '', 'new'), w('N', '', 'bike'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'for'), w('PRO', '', 'me')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Daddy[N] bought[VBD;_Dn.pr_] a[D] new[ADJ] bike[N] for[P-ROLE] me[PRO] .[PUNC]

(4.188)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.pr_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', '', 'to'), w('PRO', '', 'you'), w('D', ';_nphd_', 'something')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] want[VBP;_Tt_] to[TO] say[VB;_Dn.pr_] to[P-ROLE] you[PRO] something[D;_nphd_] .[PUNC]

(4.190)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.pr_', store([np(node('*T*', '', filler, []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', '', 'to'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'project')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

the[D] maximum[ADJ] loan[N] that[C] the[D] state[N] could[MD;_cat_Vi_] make[VB;_Dn.pr_] to[P-ROLE] a[D] project[N]

(4.192)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.pr_', store([pp(node('*ICH*', '', index(109), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('N', '', 'advice')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

developers[NS] to[P-ROLE] who[RPRO] a[D] company[N] gives[VBP;_Dn.pr_] advice[N]

(4.194)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.pr_', store([np(node('*T*', '', filler, []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('N', '', 'advice'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'to')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

developers[NS] that[C] a[D] company[N] gives[VBP;_Dn.pr_] advice[N] to[P-ROLE]

(4.196)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.pr_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', '', 'to'), w('N', '', 'Head'), w('N', '', 'Office')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Details[NS] are[BEP;_cat_VePASS_] sent[VVN;_Dn.pr_] to[P-ROLE] Head[N] Office[N] .[PUNC]

(4.198)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.pr_', store([pp(node('*ICH*', '', index(109), []))], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

developers[NS] to[P-ROLE] who[RPRO] advice[N] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] given[VVN;_Dn.pr_]

(4.200)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dn.pr_', store([np(node('*T*', '', filler, []))], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', '', 'to')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

developers[NS] advice[N] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] given[VVN;_Dn.pr_] to[P-ROLE]

4.5.8    ;_Dpr.f_

(4.203)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dpr.f_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', '', 'to'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'man'), w('C', '', 'that'), w('PRO', '', 'we'), w('BED', ';_La_', 'were'), w('ADJ', '', 'sorry')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

We[PRO] did[DOD] n<apos>t[NEG;_clitic_] say[VB;_Dpr.f_] to[P-ROLE] the[D] man[N] that[C] we[PRO] were[BED;_La_] sorry[ADJ] .[PUNC]

4.5.9    ;_Dpr.r_

(4.206)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Dpr.r_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', '', 'to'), w('PRO', '', 'me'), w('PULQ', '', '<ldquo>'), w('VB', ';_Ip_', 'Get'), w('RP', '', 'up'), w('PUNC', '', '!'), w('PURQ', '', '<rdquo>')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

She[PRO] said[VBD;_Dpr.r_] to[P-ROLE] me[PRO] <ldquo>[PULQ] Get[VB;_Ip_] up[RP] ![PUNC] <rdquo>[PURQ] .[PUNC]

4.6    Complex-transitive verbs

4.6.1    ;_Cn.a_

(4.209)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.a_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('D', '', 'the'), w('ADJ', '', 'western'), w('N', '', 'sky'), w('ADJ', '', 'red')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

The[D] setting[ADJ] sun[N] painted[VBD;_Cn.a_] the[D] western[ADJ] sky[N] red[ADJ] .[PUNC]

(4.211)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.a_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('ADJ', '', 'open'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'canopy')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

He[PRO] flung[VBD;_Cn.a_] open[ADJ] the[D] canopy[N] .[PUNC]

(4.213)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.a_', store([np(node('*T*', '', filler, []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('ADJ', '', 'annoying')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

her[PRO;_genm_] habits[NS] that[C] most[Q;_nphd_] would[MD;_cat_Vi_] find[VB;_Cn.a_] annoying[ADJ]

(4.215)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.a_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', ';_provisional_', 'it'), w('ADJR', '', 'easier'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'find'), w('PRO', ';_genm_', 'your'), w('N', '', 'way')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

A[D] map[N] makes[VBP;_Cn.a_] it[PRO;_provisional_] easier[ADJR] to[TO] find[VB;_Tn_] your[PRO;_genm_] way[N] .[PUNC]

(4.217)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.a_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', ';_genm_', 'your'), w('N', '', 'way'), w('ADJR', '', 'easier'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'find')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

A[D] map[N] makes[VBP;_Cn.a_] your[PRO;_genm_] way[N] easier[ADJR] to[TO] find[VB;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

(4.219)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.a_', store([np(node('*ICH*', '', index(102), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('ADJ', '', 'difficult'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'believe')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

What[WPRO] did[DOD] you[PRO] find[VB;_Cn.a_] difficult[ADJ] to[TO] believe[VB;_Tn_] ?[PUNC]

(4.221)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.a_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('ADJ', '', 'red')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

The[D] western[ADJ] sky[N] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] painted[VVN;_Cn.a_] red[ADJ] .[PUNC]

(4.223)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.a_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('ADJ', '', 'difficult'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'believe')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

This[D;_nphd_] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] found[VVN;_Cn.a_] difficult[ADJ] to[TO] believe[VB;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

4.6.2    ;_Cn.n_

(4.226)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.n_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', '', 'it'), w('PRO', ';_ppge_', 'mine')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] have[HVP;_cat_Ve_] made[VVN;_Cn.n_] it[PRO] mine[PRO;_ppge_] .[PUNC]

(4.228)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.n_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', ';_provisional_', 'it'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'rule'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Ip_', 'get'), w('RP', '', 'up')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Make[VB;_Cn.n_] it[PRO;_provisional_] a[D] rule[N] to[TO] get[VB;_Ip_] up[RP] .[PUNC]

(4.230)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.n_', store([np(node('*ICH*', '', index(108), []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('NPR', '', 'Ruffels')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

a[D] kitten[N] who[RPRO] we[PRO] called[VBD;_Cn.n_] Ruffels[NPR]

(4.232)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.n_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('NPR', '', 'Ruffels')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

The[D] kitten[N] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] called[VVN;_Cn.n_] Ruffels[NPR] .[PUNC]

(4.234)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.n_', store([np(node('*ICH*', '', index(102), []))], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

What[WPRO] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] the[D] city[N] called[VVN;_Cn.n_] ?[PUNC]

4.6.3    ;_Cn.n/a_

(4.237)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.n/a_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', '', 'it'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'as'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('ADJ', '', 'natural'), w('N', '', 'thing')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

They[PRO] accepted[VBD;_Cn.n/a_] it[PRO] as[P-ROLE] a[D] natural[ADJ] thing[N] .[PUNC]

(4.239)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.n/a_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('D', '', 'the'), w('NS', '', 'rates'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'as'), w('ADJ', '', 'low')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Solicitors[NS] regarded[VBD;_Cn.n/a_] the[D] rates[NS] as[P-ROLE] low[ADJ] .[PUNC]

(4.241)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.n/a_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', '', 'as'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('NPR', '', 'Delian'), w('NPR', '', 'League')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

The[D] alliance[N] became[VBD;_cat_VePASS_] known[VVN;_Cn.n/a_] as[P-ROLE] the[D] Delian[NPR] League[NPR] .[PUNC]

(4.243)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.n/a_', store([], []), filled_sbj, passive, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', ';_lgs_', 'by'), w('NS', '', 'solicitors'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'as'), w('ADJ', '', 'low')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

The[D] rates[NS] are[BEP;_cat_VePASS_] regarded[VVN;_Cn.n/a_] by[P-ROLE;_lgs_] solicitors[NS] as[P-ROLE] low[ADJ] .[PUNC]

4.6.4    ;_Cn.pr_

(4.246)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.pr_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PNX', '', 'himself'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'in'), w('D', '', 'an'), w('ADJ', '', 'upper'), w('N', '', 'gallery')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Geoffrey;<GEOFFREY>[NPR] could[MD;_cat_Vi_] imagine[VB;_Cn.pr_] himself;<GEOFFREY>[PNX] in[P-ROLE] an[D] upper[ADJ] gallery[N] .[PUNC]

(4.248)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.pr_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('P-ROLE', '', 'in'), w('ADJ', '', 'parallel'), w('N', '', 'computing')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Thorn[NPR] is[BEP;_cat_VePASS_] involved[VVN;_Cn.pr_] in[P-ROLE] parallel[ADJ] computing[N] .[PUNC]

4.6.5    ;_Cn.t_

(4.251)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.t_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', '', 'it'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Ipr_', 'get'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'off'), w('PRO', '', 'me')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] persuaded[VBD;_Cn.t_] it[PRO] to[TO] get[VB;_Ipr_] off[P-ROLE] me[PRO] .[PUNC]

(4.253)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.t_', store([np(node('*T*', '', filler, []))], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('TO', '', 'to'), w('DO', ';_Tn_', 'do'), w('PRO', ';_genm_', 'my'), w('ADJ', '', 'dirty'), w('N', '', 'work')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

the[D] person[N] that[C] I[PRO] <apos>ll[MD;_cat_Vi_] get[VB;_Cn.t_] to[TO] do[DO;_Tn_] my[PRO;_genm_] dirty[ADJ] work[N]

(4.255)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.t_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('TO', '', 'to'), w('BE', ';_Ln_', 'be'), w('NS', '', 'neurons')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Such[ADJ] receptors[NS] are[BEP;_cat_VePASS_] thought[VVN;_Cn.t_] to[TO] be[BE;_Ln_] neurons[NS] .[PUNC]

4.6.6    ;_Cn.i_

(4.258)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.i_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', '', 'me'), w('HV', ';_Tn_', 'have'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'go')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Let[VB;_Cn.i_] me[PRO] have[HV;_Tn_] a[D] go[N] .[PUNC]

4.6.7    ;_Cn.g_

(4.261)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.g_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('D', '', 'a'), w('ADJ', '', 'ticking'), w('N', '', 'clock'), w('VAG', ';_I_', 'running')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

So[ADV] they[PRO] <apos>d[HVD;_cat_Ve_] got[VVN;_Cn.g_] a[D] ticking[ADJ] clock[N] running[VAG;_I_] .[PUNC]

(4.263)

verb_complements_by_code(';_Cn.g_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('VAG', ';_I_', 'working')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

The[D] unit[N] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] assumed[VVN;_Cn.g_] working[VAG;_I_] .[PUNC]

4.7    VP24 verbs

4.7.1    ;_VP24A_

(4.266)

verb_complements_by_code(';_VP24A_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', '', 'him'), w('VVN', ';_Tn.pr_', 'obliged'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'to'), w('PRO', '', 'me')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] made[VBD;_VP24A_] him[PRO] obliged[VVN;_Tn.pr_] to[P-ROLE] me[PRO] .[PUNC]

(4.268)

verb_complements_by_code(';_VP24A_', store([], []), filled_sbj, lgs_passive, [], _R, [w('VVN', ';_Cn.a_', 'shot'), w('ADJ', '', 'dead')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

A[D] prominent[ADJ] journalist[N] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] found[VVN;_VP24A_] shot[VVN;_Cn.a_] dead[ADJ] .[PUNC]

4.7.2    ;_VP24B_

(4.271)

verb_complements_by_code(';_VP24B_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'novel'), w('VVN', ';_Tn_', 'published')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] <apos>d[HVD;_cat_Ve_] had[HVN;_VP24B_] a[D] novel[N] published[VVN;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

4.7.3    ;_VP24C_

(4.274)

verb_complements_by_code(';_VP24C_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('PRO', ';_genm_', 'my'), w('N', '', 'hair'), w('VVN', ';_Tn_', 'cut')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] <apos>ve[HVP;_cat_Ve_] got[VVN;_VP24C_] my[PRO;_genm_] hair[N] cut[VVN;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

4.8    Existential verbs

4.8.1    ;_ex_V_

(4.277)

verb_complements_by_code(';_ex_V_', store([], []), there_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('ADJ', '', 'other'), w('NS', '', 'complications')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

There[EX] are[BEP;_ex_V_] other[ADJ] complications[NS] .[PUNC]

(4.279)

verb_complements_by_code(';_ex_V_', store([np(node('*ICH*', '', index(102), []))], []), there_sbj, active, [], _R, [], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

How[WADV] many[ADJ] flats[NS] are[BEP;_ex_V_] there[EX] ?[PUNC]

4.8.2    ;_ex_Vp_

(4.282)

verb_complements_by_code(';_ex_Vp_', store([], []), there_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('Q', ';_nphd_', 'nothing'), w('RP', '', 'there')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

There[EX] <apos>s[BEP;_ex_Vp_] nothing[Q;_nphd_] there[RP] .[PUNC]

(4.284)

verb_complements_by_code(';_ex_Vp_', store([np(node('*ICH*', '', index(102), []))], []), there_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('RP', '', 'here')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

How[WADV] many[ADJ] flats[NS] are[BEP;_ex_Vp_] there[EX] here[RP] ?[PUNC]

4.8.3    ;_ex_Vpr_

(4.287)

verb_complements_by_code(';_ex_Vpr_', store([], []), there_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('ADJ', '', 'open'), w('N', '', 'mockery'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'in'), w('PRO', ';_genm_', 'his'), w('N', '', 'tone')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

There[EX] was[BED;_ex_Vpr_] open[ADJ] mockery[N] in[P-ROLE] his[PRO;_genm_] tone[N] .[PUNC]

4.8.4    ;_ex_cat_Vt_

(4.290)

verb_complements_by_code(';_ex_cat_Vt_', store([], []), there_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('Q', '', 'no'), w('N', '', 'evidence'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tf_', 'prove'), w('NPR', '', 'Hollis'), w('BED', ';_Ln_', 'was'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('ADJ', '', 'Russian'), w('N', '', 'mole')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

There[EX] is[BEP;_ex_cat_Vt_] no[Q] evidence[N] to[TO] prove[VB;_Tf_] Hollis[NPR] was[BED;_Ln_] a[D] Russian[ADJ] mole[N] .[PUNC]

4.8.5    ;_ex_cat_VtPASS_

(4.293)

verb_complements_by_code(';_ex_cat_VtPASS_', store([np(node('*ICH*', '', index(102), []))], []), there_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('P-CONN', '', 'for'), w('PRO', '', 'her'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('DO', ';_Tn_', 'do')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

What[WPRO] is[BEP;_ex_cat_VtPASS_] there[EX] for[P-CONN] her[PRO] to[TO] do[DO;_Tn_] ?[PUNC]

4.8.6    ;_ex_cat_Vg_

(4.296)

verb_complements_by_code(';_ex_cat_Vg_', store([], []), there_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'bear'), w('VAG', ';_Ipr_', 'sitting'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'in'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'corner')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

There[EX] <apos>s[BEP;_ex_cat_Vg_] a[D] bear[N] sitting[VAG;_Ipr_] in[P-ROLE] the[D] corner[N] .[PUNC]

4.8.7    ;_ex_cat_VePASS_

(4.299)

verb_complements_by_code(';_ex_cat_VePASS_', store([], []), there_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('D', ';_nphd_', 'something'), w('VVN', ';_Tn.pr_', 'inscribed'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'on'), w('D', ';_nphd_', 'this')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

There[EX] <apos>s[BEP;_ex_cat_VePASS_] something[D;_nphd_] inscribed[VVN;_Tn.pr_] on[P-ROLE] this[D;_nphd_] .[PUNC]

4.9    Equative verbs

4.9.1    ;_equ_Vf_

(4.302)

verb_complements_by_code(';_equ_Vf_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('C', '', 'that'), w('PRO', '', 'I'), w('HVD', ';_Tn_', 'had'), w('NS', '', 'lessons')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

My[PRO;_genm_] excuse[N] was[BED;_equ_Vf_] that[C] I[PRO] had[HVD;_Tn_] lessons[NS] .[PUNC]

4.9.2    ;_equ_Vw_

(4.305)

verb_complements_by_code(';_equ_Vw_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('WADV', '', 'how'), w('PRO', '', 'I'), w('VBD', ';_Tt_', 'learnt'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'ride')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

That[D;_nphd_] is[BEP;_equ_Vw_] how[WADV] I[PRO] learnt[VBD;_Tt_] to[TO] ride[VB;_I_] .[PUNC]

(4.307)

verb_complements_by_code(';_equ_Vw_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('WPRO', '', 'what'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn.pr_', 'say'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'to'), w('N', '', 'people')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

Is[BEP;_equ_Vw_] that[D;_nphd_] what[WPRO] to[TO] say[VB;_Tn.pr_] to[P-ROLE] people[N] ?[PUNC]

4.9.3    ;_equ_Vt_

(4.310)

verb_complements_by_code(';_equ_Vt_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Dn.n_', 'give'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'application'), w('D', '', 'an'), w('N', '', 'iconbar'), w('N', '', 'menu')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

This[D;_nphd_] is[BEP;_equ_Vt_] to[TO] give[VB;_Dn.n_] the[D] application[N] an[D] iconbar[N] menu[N] .[PUNC]

4.9.4    ;_equ_Vg_

(4.313)

verb_complements_by_code(';_equ_Vg_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('VAG', ';_cat_Vt_', 'trying'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'debug'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'interface')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

One[D;_nphd_] of[P-ROLE;_phrase_] my[PRO;_genm_] funny[ADJ] stories[NS] is[BEP;_equ_Vg_] trying[VAG;_cat_Vt_] to[TO] debug[VB;_Tn_] the[D] interface[N] .[PUNC]

(4.315)

verb_complements_by_code(';_equ_Vg_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('N', '', 'Mr.'), w('NPR', '', 'McGregor'), w('VAG', ';_Tn_', 'hoeing'), w('NS', '', 'onions')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

The[D] first[ADJ] thing[N] he[PRO] saw[VBD;_Tn_] was[BED;_equ_Vg_] Mr.[N] McGregor[NPR] hoeing[VAG;_Tn_] onions[NS] .[PUNC]

4.10    Catenative verbs

4.10.1    ;_cat_Vt_

(4.318)

verb_complements_by_code(';_cat_Vt_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Ipr_', 'go'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'to'), w('NPR', '', 'Leeds')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

I[PRO] had[HVD;_cat_Vt_] to[TO] go[VB;_Ipr_] to[P-ROLE] Leeds[NPR] .[PUNC]

4.10.2    ;_cat_VtPASS_

(4.321)

verb_complements_by_code(';_cat_VtPASS_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'blame')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

The[D] government[N] is[BEP;_cat_VtPASS_] to[TO] blame[VB;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

(4.323)

verb_complements_by_code(';_cat_VtPASS_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('P-CONN', '', 'for'), w('PRO', '', 'them'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'sign'), w('CONJ', '', 'and'), w('VB', ';_Tn.p_', 'send'), w('RP', '', 'back')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

One[D;_nphd_] is[BEP;_cat_VtPASS_] for[P-CONN] them[PRO] to[TO] sign[VB;_Tn_] and[CONJ] send[VB;_Tn.p_] back[RP] .[PUNC]

4.10.3    ;_cat_Vi_

(4.326)

verb_complements_by_code(';_cat_Vi_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'cut'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'cost')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

It[PRO] helped[VBD;_cat_Vi_] cut[VB;_Tn_] the[D] cost[N] .[PUNC]

4.10.4    ;_cat_Vg_

(4.329)

verb_complements_by_code(';_cat_Vg_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('VAG', ';_I_', 'walking')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

They[PRO] stopped[VBD;_cat_Vg_] walking[VAG;_I_] .[PUNC]

4.10.5    ;_cat_VgPASS_

(4.332)

verb_complements_by_code(';_cat_VgPASS_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('VAG', ';_Tn_', 'dressing')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

His[PRO;_genm_] wounds[NS] need[VBP;_cat_VgPASS_] dressing[VAG;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

4.10.6    ;_cat_Ve_

(4.335)

verb_complements_by_code(';_cat_Ve_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('VVN', ';_I_', 'changed')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

His[PRO;_genm_] expression[N] had[HVD;_cat_Ve_] changed[VVN;_I_] .[PUNC]

4.10.7    ;_cat_VePASS_

(4.338)

verb_complements_by_code(';_cat_VePASS_', store([], []), filled_sbj, active, [], _R, [w('VVN', ';_Tn_', 'changed')], []), say_parse([node('', '', nt, _R)]).

His[PRO;_genm_] expression[N] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] changed[VVN;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

4.10.8    [Question]

(4.339)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', ';_genm_', 'His'), w('N', '', 'expression'), w('HVD', ';_cat_Ve_', 'had'), w('VVN', ';_Tn_', 'changed'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

His[PRO;_genm_] expression[N] had[HVD;_cat_Ve_] changed[VVN;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

(4.340)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', ';_genm_', 'His'), w('N', '', 'expression'), w('BED', ';_cat_VePASS_', 'was'), w('VVN', ';_I_', 'changed'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

His[PRO;_genm_] expression[N] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] changed[VVN;_I_] .[PUNC]

Chapter 5: Clause layers

5.1    Introduction

5.2    Initial clause structure

5.2.1    Non-recursive clause top rules

5.2.2    Recursive clause top rules

(5.5)

tphrase_set_string([w('P-ROLE', '', 'Only_after'), w('ADJ', '', 'prolonged'), w('NS', '', 'discussions'), w('DOD', '', 'did'), w('PRO', '', 'they'), w('VB', ';_Ipr_', 'come'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'to'), w('D', '', 'an'), w('N', '', 'agreement')]), parse(clause_top_layer('statement_order', store([], []))).

Only_after[P-ROLE] prolonged[ADJ] discussions[NS] did[DOD] they[PRO] come[VB;_Ipr_] to[P-ROLE] an[D] agreement[N] .[PUNC]

5.2.3    Verb phrase layer rules

5.2.4    An example with full clause structure

(5.8)

tphrase_set_string([w('FRM', '', 'Please'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'smile')]), parse(clause_top_layer('imperative_clause', store([], []))).

Please[FRM] smile[VB;_I_] .[PUNC]

5.3    Matrix interrogatives

5.3.1    DO operator layer

(5.11)

tphrase_set_string([w('WADV', '', 'Why'), w('DOD', '', 'did'), w('NEG', ';_clitic_', 'n<apos>t'), w('PRO', '', 'you'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'go')]), parse(clause_top_layer('matrix_interrogative', store([], []))).

Why[WADV] did[DOD] n<apos>t[NEG;_clitic_] you[PRO] go[VB;_I_] ?[PUNC]

5.3.2    HAVE, BE or modal verb finite layers

(5.14)

tphrase_set_string([w('HVP', ';_Tn_', 'Has'), w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'fever')]), parse(clause_top_layer('matrix_interrogative', store([], []))).

Has[HVP;_Tn_] he[PRO] a[D] fever[N] ?[PUNC]

(5.16)

tphrase_set_string([w('WADV', '', 'How'), w('ADJ', '', 'important'), w('BEP', ';_La_', 'is'), w('PRO', '', 'it')]), parse(clause_top_layer('matrix_interrogative', store([], []))).

How[WADV] important[ADJ] is[BEP;_La_] it[PRO] ?[PUNC]

5.4    Clause structure with catenative verbs

5.4.1    Bare infinitive complements

(5.18)

tphrase_set_string([w('MD', ';_cat_Vi_', 'Can'), w('PRO', '', 'I'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'help')]), parse(clause_top_layer('matrix_interrogative', store([], []))).

Can[MD;_cat_Vi_] I[PRO] help[VB;_I_] ?[PUNC]

5.4.2    To-infinitive complements

(5.20)

tphrase_set_string([w('MD', ';_cat_Vt_', 'Ought'), w('NEG', ';_clitic_', 'n<apos>t'), w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Ip_', 'stand'), w('RP', '', 'up')]), parse(clause_top_layer('matrix_interrogative', store([], []))).

Ought[MD;_cat_Vt_] n<apos>t[NEG;_clitic_] he[PRO] to[TO] stand[VB;_Ip_] up[RP] ?[PUNC]

5.4.3    Active past participle clause complements

(5.23)

tphrase_set_string([w('HVP', ';_cat_Ve_', 'Has'), w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('VVN', ';_I_', 'gone')]), parse(clause_top_layer('matrix_interrogative', store([], []))).

Has[HVP;_cat_Ve_] he[PRO] gone[VVN;_I_] ?[PUNC]

5.4.4    Present participle clause complements

(5.25)

tphrase_set_string([w('BEP', ';_cat_Vg_', 'Is'), w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('VAG', ';_I_', 'going')]), parse(clause_top_layer('matrix_interrogative', store([], []))).

Is[BEP;_cat_Vg_] he[PRO] going[VAG;_I_] ?[PUNC]

5.4.5    Passive past participle clause complements

(5.29)

tphrase_set_string([w('BED', ';_cat_VePASS_', 'Was'), w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('VVN', ';_Tn_', 'scolded')]), parse(clause_top_layer('matrix_interrogative', store([], []))).

Was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] he[PRO] scolded[VVN;_Tn_] ?[PUNC]

5.5    Clause middle layers

(5.33)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('DOD', '', 'did'), w('NEG', ';_clitic_', 'n<apos>t'), w('VB', ';_Ip_', 'stand'), w('RP', '', 'up')]), parse(clause_top_layer('statement_order', store([], []))).

He[PRO] did[DOD] n<apos>t[NEG;_clitic_] stand[VB;_Ip_] up[RP] .[PUNC]

(5.35)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('ADV', '', 'really'), w('MD', ';_cat_Vt_', 'ought'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Ip_', 'stand'), w('RP', '', 'up')]), parse(clause_top_layer('statement_order', store([], []))).

He[PRO] really[ADV] ought[MD;_cat_Vt_] to[TO] stand[VB;_Ip_] up[RP] .[PUNC]

(5.37)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', '', 'A'), w('N', '', 'ship'), w('MD', ';_cat_Vi_', 'may'), w('HV', ';_cat_Ve_', 'have'), w('BEN', ';_cat_Vg_', 'been'), w('BAG', ';_cat_VePASS_', 'being'), w('VVN', ';_Tn_', 'sunk')]), parse(clause_top_layer('statement_order', store([], []))).

A[D] ship[N] may[MD;_cat_Vi_] have[HV;_cat_Ve_] been[BEN;_cat_Vg_] being[BAG;_cat_VePASS_] sunk[VVN;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

5.5.1    [Question]

(5.38)

tphrase_set_string([w('WPRO', '', 'Who'), w('DOD', ';_Tn_', 'did'), w('WPRO', '', 'what'), w('PUNC', '', '?')]), parse(sentence).

Who[WPRO] did[DOD;_Tn_] what[WPRO] ?[PUNC]

(5.39)

tphrase_set_string([w('WPRO', '', 'Who'), w('VBD', ';_I_', 'went'), w('WADV', '', 'where'), w('PUNC', '', '?')]), parse(sentence).

Who[WPRO] went[VBD;_I_] where[WADV] ?[PUNC]

(5.40)

tphrase_set_string([w('WPRO', '', 'What'), w('DOD', '', 'did'), w('WPRO', '', 'who'), w('DO', ';_Tn_', 'do'), w('PUNC', '', '?')]), parse(sentence).

What[WPRO] did[DOD] who[WPRO] do[DO;_Tn_] ?[PUNC]

(5.41)

tphrase_set_string([w('WADV', '', 'Where'), w('DOD', '', 'did'), w('WPRO', '', 'who'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'go'), w('PUNC', '', '?')]), parse(sentence).

Where[WADV] did[DOD] who[WPRO] go[VB;_I_] ?[PUNC]

(5.42)

tphrase_set_string([w('WADV', '', 'Where'), w('DOD', '', 'did'), w('PRO', '', 'you'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'buy'), w('WPRO', '', 'what'), w('PUNC', '', '?')]), parse(sentence).

Where[WADV] did[DOD] you[PRO] buy[VB;_Tn_] what[WPRO] ?[PUNC]

(5.43)

tphrase_set_string([w('WPRO', '', 'What'), w('DOD', '', 'did'), w('PRO', '', 'you'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'buy'), w('WADV', '', 'where'), w('PUNC', '', '?')]), parse(sentence).

What[WPRO] did[DOD] you[PRO] buy[VB;_Tn_] where[WADV] ?[PUNC]

5.5.2    [Question]

(5.44)

tphrase_set_string([w('NPR', '', 'John'), w('HVD', ';_cat_Ve_', 'had'), w('HVN', ';_Tn_', 'had'), w('D', '', 'some'), w('N', '', 'tea'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

John[NPR] had[HVD;_cat_Ve_] had[HVN;_Tn_] some[D] tea[N] .[PUNC]

(5.45)

tphrase_set_string([w('NPR', '', 'John'), w('HVD', ';_cat_Ve_', 'had'), w('HVN', ';_cat_Ve_', 'had'), w('HVN', ';_Tn_', 'had'), w('D', '', 'some'), w('N', '', 'tea'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

John[NPR] had[HVD;_cat_Ve_] had[HVN;_cat_Ve_] had[HVN;_Tn_] some[D] tea[N] .[PUNC]

(5.46)

tphrase_set_string([w('NPR', '', 'John'), w('HVD', ';_cat_Ve_', 'had'), w('HVN', ';_cat_Vt_', 'had'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('HV', ';_cat_Ve_', 'have'), w('HVN', ';_Tn_', 'had'), w('D', '', 'some'), w('N', '', 'tea'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

John[NPR] had[HVD;_cat_Ve_] had[HVN;_cat_Vt_] to[TO] have[HV;_cat_Ve_] had[HVN;_Tn_] some[D] tea[N] .[PUNC]

5.5.3    [Question]

(5.47)

tphrase_set_string([w('DO', '', 'Do'), w('NEG', ';_clitic_', 'n<apos>t'), w('BE', ';_La_', 'be'), w('ADJ', '', 'afraid'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

Do[DO] n<apos>t[NEG;_clitic_] be[BE;_La_] afraid[ADJ] .[PUNC]

(5.48)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'I'), w('DOP', '', 'do'), w('NEG', ';_clitic_', 'n<apos>t'), w('BE', ';_La_', 'be'), w('ADJ', '', 'afraid'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

I[PRO] do[DOP] n<apos>t[NEG;_clitic_] be[BE;_La_] afraid[ADJ] .[PUNC]

(5.49)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'I'), w('HVP', ';_cat_Ve_', 'have'), w('BEN', ';_La_', 'been'), w('ADJ', '', 'busy'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

I[PRO] have[HVP;_cat_Ve_] been[BEN;_La_] busy[ADJ] .[PUNC]

(5.50)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'I'), w('DOP', '', 'do'), w('NEG', ';_clitic_', 'n<apos>t'), w('HV', ';_cat_Ve_', 'have'), w('BEN', ';_La_', 'been'), w('ADJ', '', 'busy'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

I[PRO] do[DOP] n<apos>t[NEG;_clitic_] have[HV;_cat_Ve_] been[BEN;_La_] busy[ADJ] .[PUNC]

(5.51)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'I'), w('DOP', '', 'do'), w('NEG', ';_clitic_', 'n<apos>t'), w('HV', ';_Tn_', 'have'), w('D', '', 'any'), w('N', '', 'money'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

I[PRO] do[DOP] n<apos>t[NEG;_clitic_] have[HV;_Tn_] any[D] money[N] .[PUNC]

5.5.4    [Question]

5.6    Existential there

(5.56)

tphrase_set_string([w('BEP', ';_ex_V_', 'Is'), w('EX', '', 'there'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'doctor')]), parse(clause_top_layer('matrix_interrogative', store([], []))).

Is[BEP;_ex_V_] there[EX] a[D] doctor[N] ?[PUNC]

(5.58)

tphrase_set_string([w('EX', '', 'there'), w('MD', ';_cat_Vt_', 'ought'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('HV', ';_cat_Ve_', 'have'), w('BEN', ';_ex_V_', 'been'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'doctor')]), parse(clause_top_layer('statement_order', store([], []))).

There[EX] ought[MD;_cat_Vt_] to[TO] have[HV;_cat_Ve_] been[BEN;_ex_V_] a[D] doctor[N] .[PUNC]

(5.60)

tphrase_set_string([w('BEP', ';_ex_cat_Vg_', 'Is'), w('EX', '', 'there'), w('Q', ';_nphd_', 'nobody_else'), w('VAG', ';_I_', 'coming')]), parse(clause_top_layer('matrix_interrogative', store([], []))).

Is[BEP;_ex_cat_Vg_] there[EX] nobody_else[Q;_nphd_] coming[VAG;_I_] ?[PUNC]

5.6.1    [Question]

Chapter 6: Clause subordination

6.1    Introduction

6.2    That-clauses

(6.4)

tphrase_set_string([w('WPRO', '', 'Who'), w('DOP', '', 'do'), w('PRO', '', 'you'), w('VB', ';_Tf_', 'think'), w('MD', ';_cat_Vi_', 'will'), w('VB', ';_Ip_', 'arrive'), w('RP', '', 'early'), w('PUNC', '', '?')]), parse(sentence).

Who[WPRO] do[DOP] you[PRO] think[VB;_Tf_] will[MD;_cat_Vi_] arrive[VB;_Ip_] early[RP] ?[PUNC]

6.2.1    [Question]

6.3    To-infinitive clauses

6.4    Embedded question clauses

6.4.1    Finite embedded question clauses

(6.15)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'He'), w('VBD', ';_Dn.w_', 'asked'), w('PRO', '', 'her'), w('WQ', '', 'whether'), w('PRO', '', 'she'), w('MD', ';_cat_Vi_', 'would'), w('VB', ';_Ip_', 'arrive'), w('RP', '', 'early'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

He[PRO] asked[VBD;_Dn.w_] her[PRO] whether[WQ] she[PRO] would[MD;_cat_Vi_] arrive[VB;_Ip_] early[RP] .[PUNC]

6.4.2    [Question]

(6.17)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'They'), w('VBP', ';_Tw_', 'know'), w('WPRO', '', 'who'), w('PRO', '', 'they'), w('MD', ';_cat_Vi_', 'should'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'invite'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

They[PRO] know[VBP;_Tw_] who[WPRO] they[PRO] should[MD;_cat_Vi_] invite[VB;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

(6.18)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'They'), w('VBP', ';_Tw_', 'know'), w('WPRO', '', 'who'), w('WPRO', '', 'who'), w('MD', ';_cat_Vi_', 'should'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'invite'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

They[PRO] know[VBP;_Tw_] who[WPRO] who[WPRO] should[MD;_cat_Vi_] invite[VB;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

(6.19)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'They'), w('VBP', ';_Tw_', 'know'), w('WPRO', '', 'who'), w('MD', ';_cat_Vi_', 'should'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'invite'), w('WPRO', '', 'who'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

They[PRO] know[VBP;_Tw_] who[WPRO] should[MD;_cat_Vi_] invite[VB;_Tn_] who[WPRO] .[PUNC]

6.4.3    To-infinitive embedded question clauses

(6.21)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'She'), w('VBD', ';_Tw_', 'wondered'), w('WPRO', '', 'what'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('DO', ';_Tn_', 'do'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

She[PRO] wondered[VBD;_Tw_] what[WPRO] to[TO] do[DO;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

6.4.4    Embedded questions as preposition complements

(6.23)

tphrase_set_string([w('ADJ', '', 'concerned'), w('P-ROLE', ';_phrase_', 'with'), w('WADV', '', 'how'), w('PRO', '', 'we'), w('MD', ';_cat_Vi_', 'can'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'save'), w('NS', '', 'hedgehogs')]), parse(adjective_phrase('-PRD', nt, store([], []), 'non_privileged')).

concerned[ADJ] with[P-ROLE;_phrase_] how[WADV] we[PRO] can[MD;_cat_Vi_] save[VB;_Tn_] hedgehogs[NS]

(6.24)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'choice'), w('P-ROLE', ';_phrase_', 'of'), w('WADV', '', 'where'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'buy'), w('PRO', ';_genm_', 'my'), w('N', '', 'home')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

the[D] choice[N] of[P-ROLE;_phrase_] where[WADV] to[TO] buy[VB;_Tn_] my[PRO;_genm_] next[ADJ] home[N]

6.5    Provisional it and a notional subject

6.5.1    That-clause notional subjects

(6.28)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', ';_provisional_', 'It'), w('BED', ';_La_', 'was'), w('ADJ', '', 'good'), w('C', '', 'that'), w('PRO', '', 'he'), w('DOD', '', 'did'), w('NEG', ';_clitic_', 'n<apos>t'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'come'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

It[PRO;_provisional_] was[BED;_La_] good[ADJ] that[C] he[PRO] did[DOD] n<apos>t[NEG;_clitic_] come[VB;_I_] .[PUNC]

6.5.2    To-infinitive clause notional subjects

(6.32)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', ';_provisional_', 'It'), w('BED', ';_cat_VePASS_', 'was'), w('VVN', ';_Tn_', 'attempted'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'form'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('ADJ', '', 'new'), w('N', '', 'plan'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

It[PRO;_provisional_] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] attempted[VVN;_Tn_] to[TO] form[VB;_Tn_] a[D] new[ADJ] plan[N] .[PUNC]

6.6    Derived and notional subjects

6.6.1    A double passive

(6.35)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', '', 'A'), w('ADJ', '', 'new'), w('N', '', 'plan'), w('BED', ';_cat_VePASS_', 'was'), w('VVN', ';_Tn_', 'attempted'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('BE', ';_cat_VePASS_', 'be'), w('VVN', ';_Tn_', 'formed'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

A[D] new[ADJ] plan[N] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] attempted[VVN;_Tn_] to[TO] be[BE;_cat_VePASS_] formed[VVN;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

6.6.2    The tough-construction

(6.37)

tphrase_set_string( [w('D', '', 'The'), w('N', '', 'breaststroke'), w('BEP', ';_La_', 'is'), w('ADJ', '', 'hard'), w('P-CONN', '', 'for'), w('PRO', '', 'me'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'explain'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

The[D] breaststroke[N] is[BEP;_La_] hard[ADJ] for[P-CONN] me[PRO] to[TO] explain[VB;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

6.7    The catenative adjective construction

(6.39)

tphrase_set_string([w('NPR', '', 'Voyager'), w('BEP', ';_La_', 'is'), w('ADJ', ';_cat_', 'likely'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_In/pr_', 'survive'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('ADJ', '', 'billion'), w('NS', '', 'years'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

Voyager[NPR] is[BEP;_La_] likely[ADJ;_cat_] to[TO] survive[VB;_In/pr_] a[D] billion[ADJ] years[NS] .[PUNC]

6.7.1    [Question]

6.8    Subordinate conjunction

6.8.1    Finite clause subordinate conjunction

(6.44)

tphrase_set_string([w('VB', ';_I_', 'Tread'), w('ADV', '', 'softly'), w('P-CONN', '', 'because'), w('PRO', '', 'you'), w('VBP', ';_Ipr_', 'tread'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'on'), w('PRO', ';_genm_', 'my'), w('NS', '', 'dreams'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

Tread[VB;_I_] softly[ADV] because[P-CONN] you[PRO] tread[VBP;_Ipr_] on[P-ROLE] my[PRO;_genm_] dreams[NS] .[PUNC]

6.8.2    To-infinitive clause subordinate conjunction

(6.46)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'I'), w('VBP', ';_Tt_', 'need'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn_', 'spread'), w('PRO', ';_genm_', 'my'), w('NS', '', 'wings'), w('CONJ', '', 'and'), w('VB', ';_I_', 'fly'), w('PUNC', '', ','), w('P-CONN', '', 'in_order'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Ip_', 'come'), w('RP', '', 'back'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

I[PRO] need[VBP;_Tt_] to[TO] spread[VB;_Tn_] my[PRO;_genm_] wings[NS] and[CONJ] fly[VB;_I_] ,[PUNC] in_order[P-CONN] to[TO] come[VB;_Ip_] back[RP] .[PUNC]

(6.47)

tphrase_set_string([w('NPR', '', 'Kim'), w('VBD', ';_Tn_', 'bought'), w('NPR', '', 'War_and_Peace'), w('P-CONN', '', '_*_'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn.pr_', 'read'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'to'), w('D', '', 'the'), w('NS', '', 'kids'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

Kim[NPR] bought[VBD;_Tn_] War_and_Peace[NPR] _*_[P-CONN] to[TO] read[VB;_Tn.pr_] to[P-ROLE] the[D] kids[NS] .[PUNC]

6.8.3    Participle clause subordinate conjunction

(6.50)

tphrase_set_string([w('P-CONN', '', 'Without'), w('BAG', ';_cat_VePASS_', 'being'), w('VVN', ';_Tn_', 'told'), w('PUNC', '', ','), w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'chauffeur'), w('VBD', ';_Ip_', 'drove'), w('RP', '', 'away'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

Without[P-CONN] being[BAG;_cat_VePASS_] told[VVN;_Tn_] ,[PUNC] the[D] chauffeur[N] drove[VBD;_Ip_] away[RP] .[PUNC]

(6.51)

tphrase_set_string([w('NPR', '', 'Blunt'), w('ADV', '', 'finally'), w('VBD', ';_I_', 'confessed'), w('P-CONN', '', 'after'), w('HAG', ';_cat_Ve_', 'having'), w('BEN', ';_cat_VePASS_', 'been'), w('VVN', ';_Dn.n_', 'granted'), w('N', '', 'immunity'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

Blunt[NPR] finally[ADV] confessed[VBD;_I_] after[P-CONN] having[HAG;_cat_Ve_] been[BEN;_cat_VePASS_] granted[VVN;_Dn.n_] immunity[N] .[PUNC]

(6.52)

tphrase_set_string([w('P-CONN', '', 'With'), w('PRO', ';_genm_', 'their'), w('N', '', 'load'), w('P-ROLE', ';_phrase_', 'of'), w('NS', '', 'bombs'), w('VVN', ';_I_', 'gone'), w('PUNC', '', ','), w('D', '', 'the'), w('NS', '', 'planes'), w('VBD', ';_I_', 'moved'), w('ADV', '', 'swiftly'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

With[P-CONN] their[PRO;_genm_] load[N] of[P-ROLE;_phrase_] bombs[NS] gone[VVN;_I_] ,[PUNC] the[D] planes[NS] moved[VBD;_I_] swiftly[ADV] .[PUNC]

(6.53)

tphrase_set_string([w('NPR', '', 'Jones'), w('VBD', ';_I_', 'sighed'), w('P-CONN', '', 'as_if'), w('VVN', ';_Tn_', 'relieved'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

Jones[NPR] sighed[VBD;_I_] as_if[P-CONN] relieved[VVN;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

6.8.4    [Question]

(6.55)

tphrase_set_string([w('NPR', '', 'John'), w('BED', ';_cat_Vg_', 'was'), w('HAG', ';_Tn_', 'having'), w('D', '', 'some'), w('N', '', 'tea'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

John[NPR] was[BED;_cat_Vg_] having[HAG;_Tn_] some[D] tea[N] .[PUNC]

(6.56)

tphrase_set_string([w('NPR', '', 'John'), w('BED', ';_cat_Vg_', 'was'), w('HAG', ';_cat_Ve_', 'having'), w('BEN', ';_cat_Vg_', 'been'), w('HAG', ';_Tn_', 'having'), w('D', '', 'some'), w('N', '', 'tea'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

John[NPR] was[BED;_cat_Vg_] having[HAG;_cat_Ve_] been[BEN;_cat_Vg_] having[HAG;_Tn_] some[D] tea[N] .[PUNC]

(6.57)

tphrase_set_string([w('NPR', '', 'John'), w('BED', ';_La_', 'was'), w('ADJ', '', 'happy'), w('P-CONN', '', '_*_'), w('HAG', ';_cat_Ve_', 'having'), w('BEN', ';_cat_Vg_', 'been'), w('HAG', ';_Tn_', 'having'), w('D', '', 'some'), w('N', '', 'tea'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

John[NPR] was[BED;_La_] happy[ADJ] _*_[P-CONN] having[HAG;_cat_Ve_] been[BEN;_cat_Vg_] having[HAG;_Tn_] some[D] tea[N] .[PUNC]

6.9    Present participle clauses as preposition complements

(6.58)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', '', 'I'), w('VBD', ';_I_', 'arrived'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'without'), w('PRO', '', 'her'), w('VAG', ';_Tn_', 'noticing'), w('PRO', '', 'me'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

I[PRO] arrived[VBD;_I_] without[P-ROLE] her[PRO] noticing[VAG;_Tn_] me[PRO] .[PUNC]

6.10    Relative clauses

6.10.1    Finite relative clauses

(6.64)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'horse'), w('C', '', 'that'), w('VBD', ';_I_', 'jumped')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

a[D] horse[N] that[C] jumped[VBD;_I_]

(6.66)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', '', 'an'), w('N', '', 'enclosure'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'fence'), w('P-ROLE', ';_phrase_', 'around'), w('RPRO', '', 'which'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'horse'), w('VBD', ';_Ipr_', 'jumped'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'over')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

an[D] enclosure[N] a[D] fence[N] around[P-ROLE;_phrase_] which[RPRO] a[D] horse[N] jumped[VBD;_Ipr_] over[P-ROLE]

(6.67)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'fence'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'over'), w('RPRO', '', 'which'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'horse'), w('VBD', ';_Ipr_', 'jumped')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

a[D] fence[N] over[P-ROLE] which[RPRO] a[D] horse[N] jumped[VBD;_Ipr_]

(6.69)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'farmer'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'over'), w('RPRO', ';_genm_', 'whose'), w('N', '', 'fence'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'horse'), w('VBD', ';_Ipr_', 'jumped')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

the[D] farmer[N] over[P-ROLE] whose[RPRO;_genm_] fence[N] a[D] horse[N] jumped[VBD;_Ipr_]

(6.70)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'fence'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'horse'), w('VBD', ';_Ipr_', 'jumped'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'over')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

a[D] fence[N] a[D] horse[N] jumped[VBD;_Ipr_] over[P-ROLE]

(6.71)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'horse'), w('RPRO', '', 'which'), w('BED', ';_cat_VePASS_', 'was'), w('VVN', ';_Tn.pr_', 'jumped'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'over'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'fence')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

a[D] horse[N] which[RPRO] was[BED;_cat_VePASS_] jumped[VVN;_Tn.pr_] over[P-ROLE] a[D] fence[N]

6.10.2    [Question]

6.10.3    To-infinitive relative clauses

(6.78)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'horse'), w('P-CONN', '', 'for'), w('PRO', '', 'me'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn.pr_', 'jump'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'over'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'fence')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

a[D] horse[N] for[P-CONN] me[PRO] to[TO] jump[VB;_Tn.pr_] over[P-ROLE] a[D] fence[N]

(6.79)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', '', 'the'), w('N', '', 'person/time/intention'), w('TO', '', 'to'), w('VB', ';_Tn.pr_', 'jump'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'horse'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'over'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'fence')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

the[D] person[N] to[TO] jump[VB;_Tn.pr_] a[D] horse[N] over[P-ROLE] a[D] fence[N]

6.10.4    [Question]

6.10.5    Present participle reduced relative clauses

(6.82)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'horse'), w('VAG', ';_Ipr_', 'jumping'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'over'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'fence')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

a[D] horse[N] jumping[VAG;_Ipr_] over[P-ROLE] a[D] fence[N]

6.10.6    Past participle reduced relative clauses

(6.84)

tphrase_set_string([w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'horse'), w('VVN', ';_Tn.pr_', 'jumped'), w('P-ROLE', '', 'over'), w('D', '', 'a'), w('N', '', 'fence')]), parse(noun_phrase('', nt, 'non_privileged')).

a[D] horse[N] jumped[VVN;_Tn.pr_] over[P-ROLE] a[D] fence[N]

6.11    Cleft constructions

(6.87)

tphrase_set_string([w('PRO', ';_provisional_', 'It'), w('BED', ';_cleft_Vn_', 'was'), w('D', '', 'an'), w('ADJ', '', 'atomic'), w('N', '', 'fission'), w('PRO', '', 'we'), w('VBD', ';_Tn_', 'saw'), w('PUNC', '', '.')]), parse(sentence).

It[PRO;_provisional_] was[BED;_cleft_Vn_] an[D] atomic[ADJ] fission[N] we[PRO] saw[VBD;_Tn_] .[PUNC]

Chapter 7: Closing remarks