Chapter 8

More verb codes


7.1    Introduction

Codes of this chapter include codes that support the occurrence of existential there in section 8.2; codes for equative verbs in section 8.3; and codes for main verbs that are phrasal verbs in section 8.4.


8.2    Codes for verbs that co-occur with existential there

This section introduces codes for verbs that co-occur with existential there (tagged EX):

8.2.1    [ex_V]

[ex_V] is the code to mark a verb that co-occurs with existential there with selection of an existential subject (-ESBJ) and nothing else. Example (8.1) illustrates how co-occurring there can be separated by intervening catenative verbs from the [ex_V] marked verb be with its existential subject trouble.

(8.1)
(ILYR (EX there) (BEP;~cat_Vg <apos>s) 
  (IP-PPL-CAT (VAG;~cat_Vt going) 
    (IP-INF-CAT (TO to) (BE;~ex_V be) 
      (NP-ESBJ (N trouble))))) 

8.2.2    [ex_Va]

[ex_Va] is the code to mark a verb that co-occurs with existential there with selection of an existential subject (-ESBJ) + subject predicative that is an adjective phrase. Example (8.2) illustrates the [ex_Va] marked verb ai with selected existential subject nothing and subject predicative wrong with it.

(8.2)
(IP-MAT (EX there) (VAI;~ex_Va ai) (NEG;_clitic_;_high_ n<apos>t) 
  (NP-ESBJ (Q;_nphd_ nothing)) 
  (ADJP-PRD2 (ADJ wrong) 
    (PP (P-ROLE with) 
      (NP (PRO it))))) 

8.2.3    [ex_Vpr]

[ex_Vpr] is the code to mark a verb that co-occurs with existential there with selection of an existential subject (-ESBJ) + preposition phrase. In the annotation of (8.3), the selected preposition phrase is marked with location (-LOC) function.

(8.3)
(IP-MAT (EX There) (BED;~ex_Vpr was) 
  (NP-ESBJ (D an) (N inscription)) 
  (PP-CLR-LOC (P-ROLE on) 
    (NP (D the) (N door)))) 

8.2.4    [ex_Vp]

[ex_Vp] is the code to mark a verb that co-occurs with existential there with selection of an existential subject (-ESBJ) + particle. In the annotation of (8.4), the selected particle is marked with location (-LOC) function.

(8.4)
(IP-MAT (EX there) (BEP;~ex_Vp <apos>s) 
  (NP-ESBJ (Q;_nphd_ nothing)) 
  (ADVP-NIM-LOC (ADV there))) 

8.2.5    [ex_cat_Vt]

[ex_cat_Vt] is the code to mark a verb that co-occurs with existential there with selection of an existential subject (-ESBJ) + to-infinitive clause. In the annotation of (8.5), the selected to-infinitive clause is marked with catenative complement (-CAT) function.

(8.5)
(IP-MAT (EX There) (BEP;~ex_cat_Vt is) (PUNC ,) 
  (PRN 
    (IP-MAT 
      (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) 
      (VBP believe))) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (NP-ESBJ 
    (ADJP (ADJ insufficient)) 
    (N evidence)) 
  (IP-INF-CAT (TO to) (VB back) (RP up) 
    (NP-OB1 (D this) (N viewpoint)))) 

8.2.6    [ex_cat_Ve]

[ex_cat_Ve] is the code to mark a verb that co-occurs with existential there with selection of an existential subject (-ESBJ) + complement that directly contains a past participle ({ed}/{en}) verb form. In the annotation of (8.6), the selected complement clause is marked with catenative complement (-CAT) function.

(8.6)
(IP-MAT (EX There) (BEP;~ex_cat_Ve_passive_ <apos>s) 
  (NP-ESBJ (D;_nphd_ something)) 
  (IP-PPL-CAT (NP-LGS *) (VVN;~Tn.pr inscribed) 
    (PP-CLR-LOC (P-ROLE on) 
      (NP (D;_nphd_ this))))) 

8.2.7    [ex_cat_Vg]

[ex_cat_Vg] is the code to mark a verb that co-occurs with existential there with selection of an existential subject (-ESBJ) + complement that directly contains a present participle ({ing}) verb form. In the annotation of (8.7), the selected complement clause is marked with catenative complement (-CAT) function.

(8.7)
(IP-SUB (BEP;~ex_cat_Vg is) (EX there) 
  (NP-ESBJ (N heat)) 
  (IP-PPL-CAT (VAG;~Ip coming) 
    (ADVP-CLR-DIR (RP out)) 
    (ADVP-NIM-LOC (ADV anywhere)))) 

8.3    Codes for equative verbs

This section introduces codes for equative verbs:

8.3.1    [equ_Vt]

When occurring with the copula verb BE, an infinitive clause with the infinitive marker to can have subject predicative function, to thereby create an equative construction, as in (8.8)–(8.10). Equative constructions with an infinitive clause predicative can be found by looking for the [equ_Vt] verb code.

(8.8)
(ILYR 
  (IP-INF-SBJ (TO to) (VB dismiss) 
    (NP-OB1 (PRO her))) 
  (BED;~equ_Vt was) 
  (IP-INF-PRD2 (TO to) (VB create) 
    (NP-OB1 (D a) (N security) (N risk)))) 
(8.9)
(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (D The) 
    (ADJP (ADJ primary)) 
    (N instinct) 
    (PP (P-ROLE of) 
      (NP (Q all) (NS monsters)))) 
  (BEP;~equ_Vt is) 
  (IP-INF-PRD2 (TO to) (VB;~Ipr move) 
    (PP-CLR-DIR (P-ROLE towards) 
      (NP (PRO you))))) 
(8.10)
(ILYR 
  (NP-SBJ (D the) 
    (ADJP (ADJ normal)) 
    (N requirement)) 
  (MD;~cat_Vi would) 
  (IP-INF-CAT (BE;~equ_Vt be) 
    (IP-INF-PRD2 (P-CONN for) 
      (NP-SBJ (D the) (N duty) (N solicitor)) 
      (TO to) 
      (VB attend) 
      (NP-OB1 (D the) (N court))))) 

8.3.2    [equ_Vi]

Equative constructions with a bare infinitive clause predicative can be found by looking for the [equ_Vi] verb code, as in (8.11).

(8.11)
(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (D The) (NUM first) (N thing) 
    (IP-REL (NP-OB1 *T*) 
      (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) 
      (DOD;~Tn did))) 
  (BED;~equ_Vi was) 
  (IP-INF-PRD2 (VB;~Tn clap) 
    (NP-OB1 
      (NP-GENV (PRO;_genm_ my)) 
      (NS hands)))) 

8.3.3    [equ_Vg]

When occurring with the copula verb BE, a participial clause with a present participial ({ing}) verb form can have subject predicative function, to thereby create an equative construction, as in (8.12). Equative constructions with a participial clause predicative with a present participial ({ing}) verb can be found by looking for the [equ_Vg] verb code.

(8.12)
(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (D The) 
    (ADJP (ADJS funniest)) 
    (N job)) 
  (BED;~equ_Vg was) 
  (IP-PPL-PRD2 (VAG;~Tn cleaning) 
    (NP-OB1 (D a) (N dog)))) 

8.3.4    [equ_Vf]

When occurring with the copula verb BE, a that-clause can have subject predicative function, to thereby create an equative construction, as in (8.13). Equative constructions with a that-clause predicative can be found by looking for the [equ_Vf] verb code.

(8.13)
(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (NUM One) 
    (PP (P-ROLE of) 
      (NP (D the) 
        (ADJP (ADJ obvious)) 
        (NS drawbacks) 
        (PP (P-ROLE of) 
          (NP;{PINE} (N PINE)))))) 
  (BEP;~equ_Vf is) 
  (CP-THT-PRD2 
    (IP-SUB (C that) 
      (NP-SBJ;{PINE} (PRO it)) 
      (BEP;~Ln is) 
      (NEG not) 
      (NP-PRD2 (D the) 
        (ADJP 
          (ADVP (ADVS most)) 
          (NP (N user)) 
          (PUNC <hyphen>) 
          (ADJ friendly)) 
        (N application))))) 

8.3.5    [equ_Vw]

When occurring with the copula verb BE, an indirect question can have subject predicative function, to thereby create an equative construction, as in (8.14). Equative constructions with an indirect indirect question predicative can be found by looking for the [equ_Vw] verb code.

(8.14)
(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (D;_nphd_ This)) 
  (BEP;~equ_Vw is) 
  (CP-QUE-PRD2 
    (IP-SUB 
      (ADVP-NIM-CNT (WADV how)) 
      (NP-SBJ (D the) (NPR Spring) (NPR Drive)) 
      (VBP works)))) 

8.4    Phrasal verbs

In specific uses, a number of verbs include a preposition as a particle, for example, turn on, brighten up. These are often called phrasal verbs (or sometimes preposition verbs).

    The particle behaves as part of the verb, and when the verb has an object, this can occur before the particle, for example, turn the light on, brighten the room up.

(8.15)
(IP-MAT (PULQ <ldquo>) 
  (utterance-OB1 
    (IP-MAT 
      (NP-SBJ (PRO He)) 
      (BEP;~Ip <apos>s) 
      (ADVP-PRD2-LOC (ADV there)))) 
  (PURQ <rdquo>) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) 
  (VBD;~phr_Vp.r got) 
  (RP out) 
  (ADVP-NIM-MNR (ADV tersely)) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (PP-SCON-ABS 
    (IP-PPL2 (VAG;~Tn curbing) 
      (NP-OB1 
        (NP-GENV (PRO;_genm_ his)) 
        (IP-PPL (VAG rising)) 
        (N excitement)))))