Chapter 8

More verb codes


7.1    Introduction

Codes of this chapter include codes that support the occurrence of existential there in section 8.2; codes for equative verbs in section 8.3; and codes for main verbs that are phrasal verbs in section 8.4.


8.2    Codes for verbs that co-occur with existential there

This section introduces codes for verbs that co-occur with existential there (tagged EX):

8.2.1    [ex_V]

[ex_V] is the code to mark a verb that co-occurs with existential there with selection of an existential subject (-ESBJ) and nothing else. Example (8.1) illustrates how co-occurring there can be separated by intervening catenative verbs from the [ex_V] marked verb be with its existential subject trouble.

(8.1)
ILYR,EX,there
ILYR,BEP;~cat_Vg,<apos>s
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG;~cat_Vt,going
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,TO,to
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,BE;~ex_V,be
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-ESBJ,N,trouble
ID,587_christine_t33

8.2.2    [ex_Va]

[ex_Va] is the code to mark a verb that co-occurs with existential there with selection of an existential subject (-ESBJ) + subject predicative that is an adjective phrase. Example (8.2) illustrates the [ex_Va] marked verb ai with selected existential subject nothing and subject predicative wrong with it.

(8.2)
IP-MAT,EX,there
IP-MAT,VAI;~ex_Va,ai
IP-MAT,NEG;_clitic_;_high_,n<apos>t
IP-MAT,NP-ESBJ,Q;_nphd_,nothing
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,wrong
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,PP,P-ROLE,with
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,PP,NP,PRO,it
ID,72_christine_t14

8.2.3    [ex_Vpr]

[ex_Vpr] is the code to mark a verb that co-occurs with existential there with selection of an existential subject (-ESBJ) + preposition phrase. In the annotation of (8.3), the selected preposition phrase is marked with location (-LOC) function.

(8.3)
IP-MAT,EX,There
IP-MAT,BED;~ex_Vpr,was
IP-MAT,NP-ESBJ,D,an
IP-MAT,NP-ESBJ,N,inscription
IP-MAT,PP-CLR-LOC,P-ROLE,on
IP-MAT,PP-CLR-LOC,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,PP-CLR-LOC,NP,N,door
ID,434_a_dick_1952

8.2.4    [ex_Vp]

[ex_Vp] is the code to mark a verb that co-occurs with existential there with selection of an existential subject (-ESBJ) + particle. In the annotation of (8.4), the selected particle is marked with location (-LOC) function.

(8.4)
IP-MAT,EX,there
IP-MAT,BEP;~ex_Vp,<apos>s
IP-MAT,NP-ESBJ,Q;_nphd_,nothing
IP-MAT,ADVP-LOC,ADV,there
ID,181_christine_t04

8.2.5    [ex_cat_Vt]

[ex_cat_Vt] is the code to mark a verb that co-occurs with existential there with selection of an existential subject (-ESBJ) + to-infinitive clause. In the annotation of (8.5), the selected to-infinitive clause is marked with catenative complement (-CAT) function.

(8.5)
IP-MAT,EX,There
IP-MAT,BEP;~ex_cat_Vt,is
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,PRN,IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,PRN,IP-MAT,VBP,believe
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,NP-ESBJ,ADJP,ADJ,insufficient
IP-MAT,NP-ESBJ,N,evidence
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB,back
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,RP,up
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,D,this
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,N,viewpoint
ID,4_lucy_student_e02

8.2.6    [ex_cat_Ve]

[ex_cat_Ve] is the code to mark a verb that co-occurs with existential there with selection of an existential subject (-ESBJ) + complement that directly contains a past participle ({ed}/{en}) verb form. In the annotation of (8.6), the selected complement clause is marked with catenative complement (-CAT) function.

(8.6)
IP-MAT,EX,There
IP-MAT,BEP;~ex_cat_Ve_passive_,<apos>s
IP-MAT,NP-ESBJ,D;_nphd_,something
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn.pr,inscribed
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR-LOC,P-ROLE,on
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR-LOC,NP,D;_nphd_,this
ID,274_a_dick_1952

8.2.7    [ex_cat_Vg]

[ex_cat_Vg] is the code to mark a verb that co-occurs with existential there with selection of an existential subject (-ESBJ) + complement that directly contains a present participle ({ing}) verb form. In the annotation of (8.7), the selected complement clause is marked with catenative complement (-CAT) function.

(8.7)
IP-SUB,BEP;~ex_cat_Vg,is,
IP-SUB,EX,there,
IP-SUB,NP-ESBJ,N,heat
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG;~Ip,coming
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,ADVP-CLR-DIR,RP,out
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,ADVP-LOC,ADV,anywhere
ID,116_christine_t12

8.3    Codes for equative verbs

This section introduces codes for equative verbs:

8.3.1    [equ_Vt]

When occurring with the copula verb BE, an infinitive clause with the infinitive marker to can have subject predicative function, to thereby create an equative construction, as in (8.8)–(8.10). Equative constructions with an infinitive clause predicative can be found by looking for the [equ_Vt] verb code.

(8.8)
ILYR,IP-INF-SBJ,TO,to
ILYR,IP-INF-SBJ,VB,dismiss
ILYR,IP-INF-SBJ,NP-OB1,PRO,her
ILYR,BED;~equ_Vt,was
ILYR,IP-INF-PRD2,TO,to
ILYR,IP-INF-PRD2,VB,create
ILYR,IP-INF-PRD2,NP-OB1,D,a
ILYR,IP-INF-PRD2,NP-OB1,N,security
ILYR,IP-INF-PRD2,NP-OB1,N;@3,risk
ID,44_lucy_bnc_b13
(8.9)
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,The
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,ADJP,ADJ,primary
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,instinct
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,Q,all
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,NS,monsters
IP-MAT,BEP;~equ_Vt,is
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD2,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD2,VB;~Ipr,move
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD2,PP-CLR-DIR,P-ROLE,towards
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD2,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,PRO,you
ID,44_a_freedoom
(8.10)
ILYR,NP-SBJ,D,the
ILYR,NP-SBJ,ADJP,ADJ,normal
ILYR,NP-SBJ,N,requirement
ILYR,MD;~cat_Vi,would
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,BE;~equ_Vt,be,
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-PRD2,P-CONN,for
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-PRD2,NP-SBJ,D,the
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-PRD2,NP-SBJ,N,duty
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-PRD2,NP-SBJ,N;@3,solicitor
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-PRD2,TO,to
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-PRD2,VB,attend
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-PRD2,NP-OB1,D,the
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-PRD2,NP-OB1,N,court
ID,8_lucy_bnc_b34

8.3.2    [equ_Vi]

Equative constructions with a bare infinitive clause predicative can be found by looking for the [equ_Vi] verb code, as in (8.11).

(8.11)
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,The
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NUM,first
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,thing
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,NP-OB1,*T*
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,DOD;~Tn,did
IP-MAT,BED;~equ_Vi,was
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD2,VB;~Tn,clap
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD2,NP-OB1,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,my
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD2,NP-OB1,NS,hands
ID,52_lucy_bnc_b17

8.3.3    [equ_Vg]

When occurring with the copula verb BE, a participial clause with a present participial ({ing}) verb form can have subject predicative function, to thereby create an equative construction, as in (8.12). Equative constructions with a participial clause predicative with a present participial ({ing}) verb can be found by looking for the [equ_Vg] verb code.

(8.12)
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,The
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,ADJP,ADJS,funniest
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,job
IP-MAT,BED;~equ_Vg,was
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-PRD2,VAG;~Tn,cleaning
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-PRD2,NP-OB1,D,a
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-PRD2,NP-OB1,N,dog
ID,2_lucy_child_09_m12

8.3.4    [equ_Vf]

When occurring with the copula verb BE, a that-clause can have subject predicative function, to thereby create an equative construction, as in (8.13). Equative constructions with a that-clause predicative can be found by looking for the [equ_Vf] verb code.

(8.13)
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NUM,One
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,ADJP,ADJ,obvious
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,NS,drawbacks
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,PP,NP;{PINE},N,PINE
IP-MAT,BEP;~equ_Vf,is
IP-MAT,CP-THT-PRD2,IP-SUB,C,that
IP-MAT,CP-THT-PRD2,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ;{PINE},PRO,it
IP-MAT,CP-THT-PRD2,IP-SUB,BEP;~Ln,is
IP-MAT,CP-THT-PRD2,IP-SUB,NEG,not
IP-MAT,CP-THT-PRD2,IP-SUB,NP-PRD2,D,the
IP-MAT,CP-THT-PRD2,IP-SUB,NP-PRD2,ADJP,ADVP,ADVS,most
IP-MAT,CP-THT-PRD2,IP-SUB,NP-PRD2,ADJP,NP,N,user
IP-MAT,CP-THT-PRD2,IP-SUB,NP-PRD2,ADJP,PUNC,<hyphen>
IP-MAT,CP-THT-PRD2,IP-SUB,NP-PRD2,ADJP,ADJ,friendly
IP-MAT,CP-THT-PRD2,IP-SUB,NP-PRD2,N,application
ID,15_lucy_student_e84

8.3.5    [equ_Vw]

When occurring with the copula verb BE, an indirect question can have subject predicative function, to thereby create an equative construction, as in (8.14). Equative constructions with an indirect indirect question predicative can be found by looking for the [equ_Vw] verb code.

(8.14)
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D;_nphd_,This
IP-MAT,BEP;~equ_Vw,is
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-PRD2,IP-SUB,ADVP-CNT,WADV,how
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-PRD2,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,D,the
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-PRD2,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NPR,Spring
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-PRD2,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NPR;@3,Drive
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-PRD2,IP-SUB,VBP,works
ID,42_a_seiko_9r65

8.4    Phrasal verbs

In specific uses, a number of verbs include a preposition as a particle, for example, turn on, brighten up. These are often called phrasal verbs (or sometimes preposition verbs).

    The particle behaves as part of the verb, and when the verb has an object, this can occur before the particle, for example, turn the light on, brighten the room up.

(8.15)
IP-MAT,PULQ,<ldquo>
IP-MAT,utterance-OB1,IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,He
IP-MAT,utterance-OB1,IP-MAT,BEP;~La,<apos>s
IP-MAT,utterance-OB1,IP-MAT,ADVP-PRD2-LOC,ADV,there
IP-MAT,PURQ,<rdquo>
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,he,
IP-MAT,VBD;~phr_Vp.r,got,
IP-MAT,RP,out
IP-MAT,ADVP-MNR,ADV,tersely
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,VAG;~Tn,curbing
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,his
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,IP-PPL,VAG,rising
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,N,excitement
ID,32_susanne_n14