Other matters
11.1 Introduction
This chapter aims to clear up loose ends, with discussions of elision (section 11.2), parentheticals (section 11.4), and annotation for (embedded) multi-sentences (section 11.5)
We have seen elision already with missing phrase heads in chapter 3. It is also possible for entire (internal layer) clause and phrase elements to be elided under parallelism. For example,
- (11.1)
-
(ILYR
(ILYR
(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
(BED;~cat_Vg were)
(IP-PPL-CAT (VAG;~Ipr dying)
(PP-CLR-MNR (P-ROLE from)
(NP (N laughter))))
(PP-SCON-ABS
(IP-PPL2 (VAG;~Tn watching)
(NP-OB1 (PRO them)))))
(PUNC ,)
(CONJP (CONJ but)
(ILYR
(NP-SBJ (N Mrs) (NPR Smith))
(BED;~cat_Vg was)
(IP-PPL-CAT (NEG;_clitic_ n<apos>t)))))
- (11.2)
-
(IP-MAT
(NP-SBJ (NPR Relocation) (NS allowances)
(PP (P-ROLE for)
(NP
(ADJP (ADJ existing))
(N staff))))
(ILYR
(ILYR (MD;~cat_Vi should) (NEG not)
(IP-INF-CAT (BE;~cat_Ve_passive_ be)
(IP-PPL-CAT (NP-LGS *) (VVN reviewed)
(PP-PRD (P-ROLE as)
(NP (NS bonuses))))))
(CONJP (CONJ but)
(ILYR
(IP-PPL-CAT (NP-LGS *)
(PP-PRD (P-ROLE as)
(NP
(ADJP (ADJ compensatory))
(NS payments))))))))
- (11.3)
-
(NP (D a) (N provision)
(IP-REL
(ILYR
(ILYR (NP-SBJ *T*)
(IP-PPL-CAT
(ADVP-NIM-MOD (ADV specifically))
(VVN drafted)
(PP-BNF (P-ROLE for)
(NP (NPR Scotland)))))
(CONJP (CONJ but)
(ILYR
(NP-SBJ (RPRO which))
(ADVP-NIM-MOD (ADV also))
(VBP applies)
(PP-CLR (P-ROLE to)
(NP (NPR England))))))))
- (11.4)
-
(ILYR
(ILYR
(NP-SBJ (PRO;_cleft_ It))
(BEP;~cleft_V is)
(NP-FOC (N sex))
(IP-CLF
(NP-SBJ (RPRO that))
(VBP obsesses)
(NP-OB1 (PRO them))))
(PUNC ,)
(CONJP
(ILYR
(NP-FOC (N sex))
(IP-CLF
(NP-SBJ (RPRO that))
(BEP is)
(PP-NIM-LOC (P-ROLE at)
(NP (D the) (N basis)))))))
Elision can take place when coordination and subordination are combined.
- (11.5)
-
(IP-MAT (HVP;~cat_Ve have)
(IP-PPL-CAT
(ILYR
(ILYR (VVN;~Tni seen)
(NP-DOB1 (NPR Joe) (NPR Darby))
(IP-INF-OB1
(IP-PPL-CAT (NP-LGS *) (VVN;~Cn.n appointed)
(NP-PRD (N chief) (N executive)))))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ILYR
(NP-DOB1 (NPR John) (NPR Hogan))
(IP-INF-OB1
(IP-PPL-CAT (NP-LGS *)
(NP-PRD (N chief)
(IP-PPL (VAG operating))
(N officer)))))))))
- (11.6)
-
(IP-REL
(NP-OB1 (RPRO what))
(NP-SBJ (NS men))
(ILYR
(ILYR (MD;~cat_Vi should))
(CONJP (CONJ or)
(ILYR (MD;~cat_Vi should) (NEG not)
(IP-INF-CAT (DO;~I do))))))
Elision can be found when there is a grammatical code that lacks support from its environment. For example, in (11.7) want is coded Tnt and yet there is no direct object non-finite clause and indirect object noun phrase in its clause of occurrence.
- (11.7)
-
(IP-MAT
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(MD;~cat_Vi <apos>ll)
(IP-INF-CAT (VB;~phr_Vn<=>p take)
(NP-OB1 (PRO it))
(RP off)
(PP-SCON-CNT-CND (P-CONN if)
(IP-ADV
(NP-SBJ (PRO you))
(VBP;~Tnt want)))))
- (11.8)
-
(ILYR (VB;~Tn Saut<eacute>)
(PP-NIM-TMP (P-ROLE for)
(NP (NUM 3) (NS minutes))))
- (11.9)
-
(NP (N confusion)
(IP-REL
(NP-SBJ (RPRO which))
(ILYR (NEG not)
(ADVP-NIM-MOD (ADV only))
(ILYR (VBP;~Cn.g keeps)
(NP-OB1
(NP-GENV;{BARNETT} (PRO;_genm_ his))
(NS foes))
(IP-PPL-PRD (VAG guessing)))
(CONJP (CONJ but)
(ILYR
(NP-OB1
(NP-GENV;{BARNETT} (PRO;_genm_ his))
(NS friends))
(ADVP-NIM-MOD (ADV as_well)))))))
11.3 Zero elements
Example illustrates the need for marking the presence of a missing object which goes on to be a controller.
- (11.10)
-
(IP-IMP (VB;~Tn.pr Leave)
(NP-OB1 (PRO _*_))
(PP-CLR-LOC (P-ROLE in)
(NP (D the) (N water)))
(PP-SCON-TMP (P-CONN until)
(IP-PPL
(ADJP-PRD2 (ADJ;_cat_ ready)
(IP-INF (NP-LGS *) (TO to) (VB;~Tn serve))))))
11.4 Parentheticals
Table 11.67: Tag for parentheticals
- (11.11)
-
(IP-MAT
(NP-SBJ (PRO You))
(VBP;~Tf see)
(NP-RFL (PNX yourself))
(PUNC ,)
(PURQ <rdquo>)
(PRN
(IP-MAT
(NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(VBD;~Tr said)))
(PUNC ,)
(PULQ <ldquo>)
(CP-THT-OB1
(IP-SUB (C that)
(NP-SBJ (D;_nphd_ this))
(BEP;~Ln is)
(NEG not)
(NP-PRD2 (D a) (N sheep)))))
- (11.12)
-
(IP-MAT
(NP-SBJ (PRO you))
(VBP know)
(CP-QUE-OB1
(IP-SUB
(ADVP-NIM-CNT (WADV why))))
(PRN
(PP-SCON-CNT (P-CONN cos)
(IP-ADV (FL shit)
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(BEP;~cat_Vg <apos>m)
(NEG not)
(IP-PPL-CAT (HAG having)
(NP-OB1 (D;_nphd_ that)))))))
- (11.13)
-
(IP-MAT
(NP-SBJ (D;_nphd_ that))
(BEP;~equ_Vw <apos>s)
(CP-QUE-PRD2
(IP-SUB
(NP-SBJ (WPRO what))
(VBD made)
(NP-OB1 (PRO him))
(IP-INF-PRD (VB spew))))
(PRN
(IP-MAT
(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
(VBP reckon)))
(ADVP-NIM-CNT (ADV then)))
- (11.14)
-
(IP-MAT
(NP-SBJ (D;_nphd_ that))
(BEP;~Ln <apos>s)
(NP-PRD2 (D a) (N thing)
(IP-REL
(NP-SBJ (PRO you))
(VBP forget)
(PP-CLR (P-ROLE about) (NP *T*))))
(PRN
(IP-MAT (BEP;~Ln is)
(NP-PRD2 (Q;_nphd_ all)
(NLYR (D the)
(ADJP
(ADVP (ADV really))
(ADJ obvious))
(NS things))))))
ILYR under PRN
- (11.15)
-
(IP-ADV
(NP-SBJ
(NLYR
(NLYR (PRO she))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NLYR (NPR Jasper)))))
(HVD;~cat_Ve had)
(IP-PPL-CAT (VVN;~Tn left)
(NP-OB1
(NP-GENV
(NP-GENV (PRO;_genm_ her))
(N mother)
(GENM <apos>s))))
(PUNC <mdash>)
(PRN
(ILYR (HVD;~cat_Ve had)
(IP-PPL-CAT (VVN;~Tn left)
(NP-OB1 (N home))))))
11.4.1 Tag questions
Table 11.68: Marking for tag question
The annotation uses CP-QUE-TAG in the description of tag questions, as, for example, in (11.16).
- (11.16)
-
(IP-MAT (FRM I_mean) (PUNC ,)
(NP-SBJ;{SIRENA} (NPR Sirena))
(NP-NIM-TMP
(ADJP (ADJ last))
(N night))
(BED;~Ln was)
(NP-PRD2 (D a) (N marvel))
(PUNC ,)
(CP-QUE-TAG
(IP-SUB (BED;~Ln was) (NEG;_clitic_ n<apos>t)
(NP-SBJ;{SIRENA} (PRO she))))
(PUNC ?))
11.5 Multi-sentence
| multi-sentence | embedded discourse |
Table 11.69: Tag for embedded discourse
- (11.17)
-
(IP-MAT
(NP-SBJ (PRO He))
(VBD;~Tn answered)
(NP-OB1 (PRO me))
(PUNC :)
(PULQ <ldquo>)
(PRN
(utterance
(IP-MAT
(NP-SBJ (D;_nphd_ That))
(DOP does)
(NEG;_clitic_ n<apos>t)
(VB;~I matter)
(PUNC .))
(IP-IMP (VB;~Dn.n Draw)
(NP-OB2 (PRO me))
(NP-OB1 (D a) (N sheep))
(PUNC ...))))
(PURQ <rdquo>))