Chapter 10

Scope, control and anaphora

10.1    Introduction

This chapter discusses exceptional scope (section 10.2), a need for ILYR layers distinct from their use with conjunction (section 10.3), managing control (section 10.5), preventing control (section 10.6), and resolving anaphora (section 10.7).

10.2    Exceptional scope

Quantificational elements scope from their place of occurrence with a leftward direction (but see section 10.3 for how this can be manipulated), only with internal layers, phrase heads, and verbs of clauses always within the scope of other elements of the same layer. But a quantificational element with a functional role at its point of occurrence can also have broader scope consequences. This is closely related to what happens for displacement in section 9.2.

    Displacement of a quantificational element needs to capture a narrower point of integration from a broader scope gained from the place of element occurrence. Annotation has an indexed *ICH* node under role information at the place of integration. The quantificational element from its place of occurrence takes index information identical to the *ICH* as its own role integration information.

    Exceptional scope needs to capture a broader scope contribution from an occurrence point that is the point of role integration. Annotation for exceptional scope is also achieved with an indexed *ICH* node, only with placement of this indexed node without any role integration information at the point where the exceptional scope begins. The quantificational element from its place of occurrence has both role integration information and the same index information as the *ICH* occurrence that itself lacks role integration information but which gives the exceptional scope information in virtue of its placement.

(10.1)

IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NS,Thousands
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,NS,people
IP-MAT,BEP;~cat_Ve_passive_,are
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN,killed
IP-MAT,NP-TMP,Q,every
IP-MAT,NP-TMP,N,year
ID,102_a_voice_of_america

    The anaphoric connection in (10.2) gives the indefinite a knife too have wide scope over Every week.

(10.2)

ILYR,ILYR,NP-TMP,Q,Every
ILYR,ILYR,NP-TMP,N,week
ILYR,ILYR,NP-SBJ,NP-GENV;{GIRLS},PRO;_genm_,their
ILYR,ILYR,NP-SBJ,N,leader
ILYR,ILYR,NP-SBJ,PUNC,<comma>
ILYR,ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRN,NP;{MARY},NPR,Mary
ILYR,ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRN,NP;{MARY},NPR;@2,Todd
ILYR,ILYR,VBP;~Tn,spins
ILYR,ILYR,NP-OB1;{KNIFE},D,a
ILYR,ILYR,NP-OB1;{KNIFE},N,knife
ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-SBJ,D,the
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-SBJ,N,person
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,PP-CLR-DIR,P-ROLE,to
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,RPRO,whom
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,NP-SBJ;{KNIFE},PRO,it
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,VBP;~Ipr,points
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,HVP;~cat_Vt,has
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,TO,to
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,DO;~Tn,do
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,D,a
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,ADJP,ADJ,daring
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,N,thing
ID,5_lucy_child_11_h10

(10.3)

IP-MAT,NP,*ICH*-144
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,A
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,doctor
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,will
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Cf.a,make
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,ADJP-PRD,ADJ,sure
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,C,that
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ-144,Q,every
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ-144,N,patient
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,VBP;~I,recovers
ID,120_x_buffalo

(10.4)

IP-MAT,NP,*ICH*-149
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,P-CONN,On
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,ILYR,ILYR,VAG;~Tn,obtaining
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,ILYR,ILYR,NP-OB1,D,a
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,ILYR,ILYR,NP-OB1,N,prospectus
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,VAG;~Ipr,asking
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,for
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-CLR,NP,D,an
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-CLR,NP,N,application
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-CLR,NP,N;@3,form
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,you
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,will
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Tf,find
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,C,that
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ-149,Q,every
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ-149,N,drama
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ-149,N;@3,school
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,MD;~cat_Vi,will
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Tn,require
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,D,an
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,N,audition
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,N;@3,fee
ID,164_x_buffalo

10.3    Managing scope with ILYR

Examples above have IP-PPL-CAT structures that follow the subject, so that the IP-PPL-CAT is within the scope of the subject. The word order of (10.5) suggests content for an IP-PPL-CAT (Opposing him) that precedes the subject (the French Admiral), and yet inheritance of the subject is also needed. Subject inheritance is achieved by the placement of the IP-PPL-CAT under an ILYR projection that also contains the auxiliary verb. With this annotation, the ILYR projection functions as a direct embedding of the layer that contains it, so that all other content of the containing layer scopes over the ILYR, as if the ILYR had its content placed last in the containing layer.

(10.5)

IP-MAT,ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG;~Tn,Opposing
IP-MAT,ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,PRO,him
IP-MAT,ILYR,BED;~cat_Vg,was
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,the
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,ADJP,ADJ,French
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,Admiral
ID,6_a_lob_g01

It follows that an ILYR instance will either (i) have a placement that is directly under a clause layer, as in (10.5); or (ii) have a placement that is either sister to CONJP layer(s) or directly under a CONJP layer, as with the examples of clause internal coordination in section 4.4. An ILYR is never sister to another ILYR.

    In (10.6), ILYR is needed to ensure that in_order attaches at a higher scope level than without.

(10.6)

IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,ILYR,VBD,spent
IP-MAT,ILYR,NP-OB1,D,the
IP-MAT,ILYR,NP-OB1,N,night
IP-MAT,ILYR,PP-LOC,P-ROLE,at
IP-MAT,ILYR,PP-LOC,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,ILYR,PP-LOC,NP,N,library
IP-MAT,ILYR,PP-SCON-MNR,P-CONN,without
IP-MAT,ILYR,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-PPL2,VAG,sleeping
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,P-CONN,in_order
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,TO,to
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,VB,prepare
ID,386_x_textbook_purple2

    In (10.7), ILYR is needed to ensure that the initial PP-SCON-ABS can occur in the scope of the subject and yet also occur before the rest of the main clause elements so that there is an accessible antecedent for that.

(10.7)

IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,VAG;~Tn,Answering
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,NS,jeers
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,CP-THT,IP-SUB,C,that
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,CP-THT,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PRO;_cleft_,it
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,CP-THT,IP-SUB,BED;~cleft_V,was
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,CP-THT,IP-SUB,NP-FOC,N,labour
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,CP-THT,IP-SUB,IP-CLF,NP-SBJ,RPRO,which
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,CP-THT,IP-SUB,IP-CLF,ILYR;{LIMITS},ILYR,ADVP-TMP,NUM,first
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,CP-THT,IP-SUB,IP-CLF,ILYR;{LIMITS},ILYR,VBD;~Tn.pr,put
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,CP-THT,IP-SUB,IP-CLF,ILYR;{LIMITS},ILYR,NP-OB1,D,a
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,CP-THT,IP-SUB,IP-CLF,ILYR;{LIMITS},ILYR,NP-OB1,N,ceiling
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,CP-THT,IP-SUB,IP-CLF,ILYR;{LIMITS},ILYR,PP-CLR-LOC,P-ROLE,on
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,CP-THT,IP-SUB,IP-CLF,ILYR;{LIMITS},ILYR,PP-CLR-LOC,NP,N,health
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,CP-THT,IP-SUB,IP-CLF,ILYR;{LIMITS},ILYR,PP-CLR-LOC,NP,N;@2,spending
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,CP-THT,IP-SUB,IP-CLF,ILYR;{LIMITS},CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,CP-THT,IP-SUB,IP-CLF,ILYR;{LIMITS},CONJP,ILYR,VBD;~Tn,started
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,CP-THT,IP-SUB,IP-CLF,ILYR;{LIMITS},CONJP,ILYR,NP-OB1,NS,charges
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{BROWN},N,Mr
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{BROWN},NPR,Brown
IP-MAT,ILYR,VBD;~Dn.f,reminded
IP-MAT,ILYR,NP-OB2,D,the
IP-MAT,ILYR,NP-OB2,ADJP,ADJ,hostile
IP-MAT,ILYR,NP-OB2,N,government
IP-MAT,ILYR,NP-OB2,NS,benches
IP-MAT,ILYR,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ;{LIMITS},D;_nphd_,that
IP-MAT,ILYR,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,BED;~cat_Ve_passive_,was
IP-MAT,ILYR,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,DON;~Tn,done
IP-MAT,ILYR,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-TMP,P-ROLE,in
IP-MAT,ILYR,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-TMP,NP,NPR,1950
ID,113_a_lob_a01

10.4    Scope of negation

Without _high_, negation scopes only over the verb.

(10.8)

IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{COLLECTOR},D,A
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{COLLECTOR},N,collector
IP-MAT,DOD,did
IP-MAT,NEG;_clitic_,n<apos>t
IP-MAT,VB;~I,buy
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,P-CONN,because
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ;{COLLECTOR},PRO,she
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,BED;~cat_Ve_passive_,was
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn,influenced
ID,93_x_buffalo

With _high_, negation scopes over all content to the right.

(10.9)

IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{COLLECTOR},D,A
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{COLLECTOR},N,collector
IP-MAT,DOD,did
IP-MAT,NEG;_clitic_;_high_,n<apos>t
IP-MAT,VB;~I,buy
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,P-CONN,because
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ;{COLLECTOR},PRO,she
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,BED;~cat_Ve_passive_,was
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn,influenced
ID,94_x_buffalo

(10.10)

IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,P-CONN,Because
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ;{COLLECTOR},D,a
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ;{COLLECTOR},N,collector
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,BED;~cat_Ve_passive_,was
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn,influenced
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{COLLECTOR},PRO,she
IP-MAT,DOD,did
IP-MAT,NEG;_clitic_;_high_,n<apos>t
IP-MAT,VB;~I,buy
ID,95_x_buffalo

10.5    Managing control

No extra annotation is required for subject control to reach into an adverbial clause occurring within the same clause but prior to a subject. For example, in (10.11) the disease controls into the initial conditional adverbial to be the subject for the passive untreated.

(10.11)

IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT-CND,IP-PPL2,VVN;~Tn,untreated
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,the
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,disease
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,can
ID,61_a_factbook_1_2010

Examples (10.12) and (10.13) are the same sentence annotated in two different ways: (10.12) has IP-INF, while (10.13) has IP-INF2. This difference alters who the talker is and the choice of resolution for the instance of him.

(10.12)

IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{IDENT_29},NPR,Peter
IP-MAT,VBD,took
IP-MAT,NP-OB1;{IDENT_2},NPR,Jesus
IP-MAT,ADVP-DIR,ADV,away
IP-MAT,ADVP-DIR,PP,P-ROLE,from
IP-MAT,ADVP-DIR,PP,NP;{IDENT_62},D,the
IP-MAT,ADVP-DIR,PP,NP;{IDENT_62},ADJP,ADJ,other
IP-MAT,ADVP-DIR,PP,NP;{IDENT_62},NS,followers
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,TO,to
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,VB,talk
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,to
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,PP-CLR,NP;{IDENT_29},PRO,him
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,ADVP-MNR,ADV,alone
ID,191_x_buffalo

(10.13)

IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{IDENT_29},NPR,Peter
IP-MAT,VBD,took
IP-MAT,NP-OB1;{IDENT_2},NPR,Jesus
IP-MAT,ADVP-DIR,ADV,away
IP-MAT,ADVP-DIR,PP,P-ROLE,from
IP-MAT,ADVP-DIR,PP,NP;{IDENT_62},D,the
IP-MAT,ADVP-DIR,PP,NP;{IDENT_62},ADJP,ADJ,other
IP-MAT,ADVP-DIR,PP,NP;{IDENT_62},NS,followers
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF2,TO,to
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF2,VB,talk
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF2,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,to
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF2,PP-CLR,NP;{IDENT_2},PRO,him
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF2,ADVP-MNR,ADV,alone
ID,192_x_buffalo

    Example (10.14) illustrates the need to mark IP-PPL2 and IP-INF2 to maintains subject control.

(10.14)

ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO,we
ILYR,MD;~cat_Vi,should
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,VB,try
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,TO,to
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,VB,appreciate
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,NP-OB1,IP-REL,NP-SBJ,RPRO,what
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,NP-OB1,IP-REL,BEP;~La,is
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,NP-OB1,IP-REL,ADJP-PRD2,ADVP,ADV,financially
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,NP-OB1,IP-REL,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,free
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-SCON-TMP,P-CONN,whilst
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,BAG;~cat_Ve_passive_,being
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN,prepared
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF,TO,to
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF,VB,pay
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF,NP-OB1,ADJP,ADJ,emotional
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF,NP-OB1,NS,prices
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF2,TO,to
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF2,VB;~Tn,achieve
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF2,NP-OB1,IP-REL,NP-SBJ,RPRO,what
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF2,NP-OB1,IP-REL,BEP;~La,is
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF2,NP-OB1,IP-REL,ADJP-PRD2,ADJS,best
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF2,NP-OB1,IP-REL,PP-BNF,P-ROLE,for
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF2,NP-OB1,IP-REL,PP-BNF,NP,Q;_nphd_,all
ID,35_lucy_student_e05

(10.15)

ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO;_provisional_,It
ILYR,BEP;~La,is
ILYR,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,hard
ILYR,IP-INF-NSBJ,TO,to
ILYR,IP-INF-NSBJ,VB,find
ID,35_lucy_student_e05

In (10.16) the matrix subject controls through to the embedded be.

(10.16)

IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,The
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,cost
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,P-ROLE,per
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,N,job
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP;@4,P-ROLE,to
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP;@4,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP;@4,NP,N,Exchequer
IP-MAT,BED;~cat_Ve_passive_,was
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tnt,estimated
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,BE;~Ln,be
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,NP-PRD2,ADVP,ADV,around
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,NP-PRD2,N,<pound>
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,NP-PRD2,NUM,30<comma>000
ID,6_lucy_student_e94

    When there is clause-within-clause subordination, the possibility arises of an element from the main clause making a direct contribution to the subordinate clause while being left with unclear status in the main clause. One notable scenario of this involves derived subjects. (The other notable scenario involves derived objects.)

(10.17)

IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,D;_nphd_,these
IP-ADV,BEP;~La,are
IP-ADV,ADJP-PRD2,ADVP,ADVR,more
IP-ADV,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,likely
IP-ADV,IP-INF-NSBJ,TO,to
IP-ADV,IP-INF-NSBJ,VB,crease
ID,101_lucy_bnc_b27

(10.18)

IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,D,the
IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,NS,problems
IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,D,the
IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,N,reform
IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,N;@3,programme
IP-ADV,VBD;~La,became
IP-ADV,ADJP-PRD2,ADVP,ADVR,more
IP-ADV,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,difficult
IP-ADV,IP-INF-NSBJ,NP-LGS,*
IP-ADV,IP-INF-NSBJ,TO,to
IP-ADV,IP-INF-NSBJ,VB,contain
ID,20_lucy_bnc_b20

    Tag extension -NSBJ marking a notional subject can also be seen when the clause has: (i) a subject marked -ESBJ occurring with existential there, as in (10.19); or (ii) a subject inherited from control, as with the environment created by the reduced relative clause (the IP-PPL under NP) in (10.20).

(10.19)

IP-MAT,EX,There
IP-MAT,ILYR,BEP;~La,are
IP-MAT,ILYR,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,bound
IP-MAT,ILYR,IP-INF-NSBJ,TO,to
IP-MAT,ILYR,IP-INF-NSBJ,BE;~ex_V,be
IP-MAT,NP-ESBJ,NS,demonstrations
ID,19_a_lob_a01

(10.20)

NP,D,the
NP,ADJP,ADJ,increasing
NP,NS,numbers
NP,PP,P-ROLE,of
NP,PP,NP,ADJP,ADJ,young
NP,PP,NP,NS,intellectuals
NP,IP-PPL,ILYR,ILYR,VAG,taking
NP,IP-PPL,ILYR,ILYR,NP-OB1,N,part
NP,IP-PPL,ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
NP,IP-PPL,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,ADVP-MOD,ADV,more_importantly
NP,IP-PPL,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PUNC,<comma>
NP,IP-PPL,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,VAG,failing
NP,IP-PPL,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-NSBJ,TO,to
NP,IP-PPL,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-NSBJ,VB,return
ID,21_lucy_bnc_b20

Note the presence of the ILYR layer in (10.19). With this annotation, the ILYR projection functions as a direct embedding of the layer that contains it, so that all other content of the containing layer scopes over the ILYR, as if the ILYR had final placement within its containing layer. This allows the -ESBJ subject to scope into the ILYR.

    In (10.21) ILYR is needed to ensure that the the existential subject (NP-ESBJ) can contribute its role.

(10.21)

NP-PRD2,ADJP,ADJ,small
NP-PRD2,NS,stations
NP-PRD2,IP-REL,ADVP-LOC,RADV,where
NP-PRD2,IP-REL,EX,there
NP-PRD2,IP-REL,ILYR,BEP;~La,are
NP-PRD2,IP-REL,ILYR,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,likely
NP-PRD2,IP-REL,ILYR,IP-INF-NSBJ,TO,to
NP-PRD2,IP-REL,ILYR,IP-INF-NSBJ,BE;~ex_V,be
NP-PRD2,IP-REL,NP-ESBJ,ADJP,ADJ,few
NP-PRD2,IP-REL,NP-ESBJ,NS,suspects
ID,22_lucy_bnc_b34

    Note the use of IP-INF3 in (10.22) to block control.

(10.22)

IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,his
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,place
IP-MAT,BEP;~Ipr,is
IP-MAT,PP-CLR-PRD2,P-ROLE,at
IP-MAT,PP-CLR-PRD2,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,PP-CLR-PRD2,NP,N,sideboard
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF3,TO,to
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF3,VB;~Tn,serve
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF3,NP-OB1,D,the
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF3,NP-OB1,NS,wines
ID,7_a_beeton_1861

    Control into a adverbial clause prior to the main clause subject and containing a tough-construction:

    Example (10.23) illustrates conjuncts with no control, control with a tough-construction, and control with catenative seems.

(10.23)

IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,the
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,approach
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,BEP;~La,is
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,plausible
IP-MAT,ILYR,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,easy
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-NSBJ,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-NSBJ,TO,to
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-NSBJ,VB;~Tn,apply
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP;@4,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP;@4,ILYR,VBP;~cat_Vt,seems
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP;@4,ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,TO,to
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP;@4,ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~I,work
ID,41_lucy_bnc_b29

    Example (10.24) has control into a notional object.

(10.24)

ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
ILYR,VBP,leave
ILYR,NP-OB1,PRO;_provisional_,it
ILYR,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,to
ILYR,PP-CLR,NP,D,the
ILYR,PP-CLR,NP,NS,statisticians
ILYR,IP-INF-NOB1,TO,to
ILYR,IP-INF-NOB1,VB,say
ILYR,IP-INF-NOB1,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-PRD2,WPRO,what
ILYR,IP-INF-NOB1,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PRO,they
ILYR,IP-INF-NOB1,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,BED;~Ln,were
ID,3_susanne_g17

10.6    Preventing control

Prevention of subject control is achieved by adding ‘3’ to the label of the highest level of the clause into which control needs to be blocked. For example, (10.25) has IP-PPL3-OB1 to prevent the clouds from being the subject of bombing.

(10.25)

IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,The
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,ADJP,ADJ,low
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NS,clouds
IP-MAT,VBD;~Cn.a,made
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,N,bombing
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD,ADJ,difficult
ID,64_susanne_n15

    Example (10.26) has instances of IP-PPL3 to prevent control from the subject These into the complements of from and to.

(10.26)

IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{ISSUES},D;_nphd_,These
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,VBD;~Ipr,ranged
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,PP-CLR-DIR,P-ROLE,from
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,PP-CLR-DIR,IP-PPL3,VAG;~Tn,costing
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,PP-CLR-DIR,IP-PPL3,NP-OB1,N,playground
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,PP-CLR-DIR,IP-PPL3,NP-OB1,N;@2,equipment
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,PP-CLR-DIR;@3,P-ROLE,to
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,PP-CLR-DIR;@3,IP-PPL3,VAG;~Tn,monitoring
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,PP-CLR-DIR;@3,IP-PPL3,NP-OB1,N,street
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,PP-CLR-DIR;@3,IP-PPL3,NP-OB1,N;@2,lighting
IP-MAT,ILYR,PUNC,;
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-DIR,P-ROLE,from
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-DIR,IP-PPL3,VAG;~Tn,allocating
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-DIR,IP-PPL3,NP-OB1,NS,grants
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-DIR,IP-PPL3,NP-OB1,PP,P-ROLE,for
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-DIR,IP-PPL3,NP-OB1,PP,NP,ADJP,ADJ,local
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-DIR,IP-PPL3,NP-OB1,PP,NP,NS,projects
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-DIR;@2,P-ROLE,to
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-DIR;@2,IP-PPL3,VAG;~Tn,vetting
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-DIR;@2,IP-PPL3,NP-OB1,N,planning
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-DIR;@2,IP-PPL3,NP-OB1,NS,applications
ID,61_a_alresford

    Example (10.27) contains an adverbial participle clause that contains a subject and so as is tagged IP-PPL3 (under PP-SCON-MNR function information) to ensure there is no control to disrupt the internal subject.

(10.27)

ILYR,NP-SBJ,D,a
ILYR,NP-SBJ,NUM,second
ILYR,NP-SBJ,N,tier
ILYR,BEP;~cat_Ve_passive_,is
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN,laid
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LOC,P-ROLE,over
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LOC,NP,D;_nphd_,this
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PUNC,<comma>
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL,VVN,protected
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL,PP-LGS,P-ROLE,by
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL,PP-LGS,NP,D,a
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL,PP-LGS,NP,N,lath
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PUNC,<comma>
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,NP-SBJ,D,the
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,NP-SBJ,N,head
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,NP-SBJ,PP,P-ROLE,of
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,D,the
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,NUM,second
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,BAG;~cat_Ve_passive_,being
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN,laid
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-DIR,P-ROLE,to
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-DIR,NP,D,the
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-DIR,NP,N,bottom
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-DIR,NP,PP,P-ROLE,of
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-DIR,NP,PP,NP,D,the
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-DIR,NP,PP,NP,NUM,first
ID,39_a_beeton_1861

    Compare (10.28) where control is blocked because there is IP-PPL3 with (10.11) above where control happens because there is IP-PPL2.

(10.28)

IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT-CND,IP-PPL3,VVN;~Cn.a,left
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT-CND,IP-PPL3,ADJP-PRD,ADJ,untreated
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,mortality
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NS,rates
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,can
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Tn,reach
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,NUM,20
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,N,<percnt>
ID,19_a_factbook_1_2010

    For (10.29) control needs to be blocked with IP-PPL3 so that it can be an elided marriage that is arranged and not Edward.

(10.29)

IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,VVN;~Tn,Arranged
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,PP-LGS,P-ROLE,by
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,PP-LGS,NP,NP-GENV;{EDWARD+LEONORA},PRO;_genm_,their
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,PP-LGS,NP,NS,parents
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{EDWARD},NPR,Edward
IP-MAT,BED;~cat_Ve_passive_,was
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN,married
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,to
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,NP;{LEONORA},NPR,Leonora
ID,12_lucy_student_e72

Control with PP-CLR as the controller:

(10.30)

IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,This
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,group
IP-MAT,VBP;~Ipr,pleads
IP-MAT,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,with
IP-MAT,PP-CLR,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,PP-CLR,NP,N,administration
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,TO,to
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,PULQ,<ldquo>
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,VB,give
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,NP-OB1,Q,no
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,NP-OB1,ADJP,ADJR,further
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,NP-OB1,N,support
ID,51_susanne_a04

10.7    Anaphora

The annotation includes coreference information by adding witness information to the tag of a noun phrase (NP) level constituent. For a non-anaphoric noun phrase, the witness information provides type information for the discourse referent that the noun phrase serves to introduce. Witness information can can also be given to clause layers in which case it is used to type the discourse referent introduced by the local clause event. An anaphoric noun phrase that also has witness information can then be associated with any accessible discourse referent that has the same witness information.

    Example (10.31) illustrates one anaphora with the witness information of ;{POSTCARDS}

(10.31)

IP-MAT,PP-RST,P-ROLE,In
IP-MAT,PP-RST,IP-PPL3,VAG;~Tn,requesting
IP-MAT,PP-RST,IP-PPL3,NP-OB1;{POSTCARDS},NS,postcards
IP-MAT,PP-RST,IP-PPL3,NP-OB1;{POSTCARDS},IP-PPL,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,PP-RST,IP-PPL3,NP-OB1;{POSTCARDS},IP-PPL,VVN;~Dpr.n,sent
IP-MAT,PP-RST,IP-PPL3,NP-OB1;{POSTCARDS},IP-PPL,PP-DIR,P-ROLE,to
IP-MAT,PP-RST,IP-PPL3,NP-OB1;{POSTCARDS},IP-PPL,PP-DIR,NP,D,this
IP-MAT,PP-RST,IP-PPL3,NP-OB1;{POSTCARDS},IP-PPL,PP-DIR,NP,N,program
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{POSTCARDS},NS,ones
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{POSTCARDS},PP,P-ROLE,from
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{POSTCARDS},PP,NP,ADJP,ADJ,teenage
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{POSTCARDS},PP,NP,NS,girls
IP-MAT,BEP;~Ln,are
IP-MAT,NP-PRD2,D,the
IP-MAT,NP-PRD2,ADJP,ADVP,ADVS,most
IP-MAT,NP-PRD2,ADJP,ADJ,numerous
ID,880_x_textbook_kisonihongo

    Example (10.32) has pronoun it with the witness information of ;{DISAPPOINTMENT}.

(10.32)

ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO,they
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR,BED;~cat_Ve_passive_,were
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT;{DISAPPOINTMENT},VVN;~Tn,disappointed
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR,PUNC,.
ILYR,ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,And
ILYR,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,VBD;~Tt,determined
ILYR,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-OB1,NEG,not
ILYR,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-OB1,TO,to
ILYR,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-OB1,VB;~Tn,show
ILYR,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-OB1,NP-OB1;{DISAPPOINTMENT},PRO,it
ID,139_susanne_n05

    Example (10.33) has pronoun it with the witness information of ;{LISTEN}.

(10.33)

ILYR,ILYR;{LISTEN},NP-SBJ,PRO,you
ILYR,ILYR;{LISTEN},MD;~cat_Vi,could
ILYR,ILYR;{LISTEN},IP-INF-CAT,VB,listen
ILYR,ILYR;{LISTEN},IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,to
ILYR,ILYR;{LISTEN},IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,D,the
ILYR,ILYR;{LISTEN},IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,N,news
ILYR,ILYR;{LISTEN},IP-INF-CAT,PP-LOC,P-ROLE,on
ILYR,ILYR;{LISTEN},IP-INF-CAT,PP-LOC,NP,D,the
ILYR,ILYR;{LISTEN},IP-INF-CAT,PP-LOC,NP,N,telly
ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-SBJ;{LISTEN},PRO,it
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,MD;~cat_Vi,would
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NEG;_clitic_,n<apos>t
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Ln,make
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,NP-PRD2,D,any
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,NP-PRD2,N,difference
ID,138_christine_t37

    Example (10.34) has demonstrative pronoun this with the witness information of ;{MOVEMENTS}. There is annotation to construct a discourse referent with NP-DSC (DSC=discourse element) built from the projection of three zero pronoun elements that link to prior clause layer witnesses: ;{MOVE1}=an event for the first move, ;{KICK}=an event for kick, and ;{MOVE2}=an event for the second move.

(10.34)

ILYR,ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO,you
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR;{MOVEMENTS},ILYR,VBP;~Tn.p,move
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR;{MOVEMENTS},ILYR,NP-OB1,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,your
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR;{MOVEMENTS},ILYR,NP-OB1,NLYR,NP,NS,legs
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR;{MOVEMENTS},ILYR,NP-OB1,NLYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR;{MOVEMENTS},ILYR,NP-OB1,NLYR,CONJP,NP,NS,arms
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR;{MOVEMENTS},ILYR,ADVP-CLR-DIR,ADV,forward
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR;{MOVEMENTS},PUNC,<comma>
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR;{MOVEMENTS},CONJP,ILYR,VBP;~Tn.p,kick
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR;{MOVEMENTS},CONJP,ILYR,NP-OB1,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,your
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR;{MOVEMENTS},CONJP,ILYR,NP-OB1,NS,legs
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR;{MOVEMENTS},CONJP,ILYR,ADVP-CLR-DIR,RP,out
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR;{MOVEMENTS},CONJP;@4,CONJ,and
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR;{MOVEMENTS},CONJP;@4,ILYR,VBP;~Tn.p,move
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR;{MOVEMENTS},CONJP;@4,ILYR,NP-OB1,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,your
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR;{MOVEMENTS},CONJP;@4,ILYR,NP-OB1,NS,hands
ILYR,ILYR,ILYR;{MOVEMENTS},CONJP;@4,ILYR,ADVP-CLR-DIR,ADV,round
ILYR,PUNC,<comma>
ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,ADVP-CNT,ADV,then
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO,you
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,DOP;~Tn,do
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-OB1;{MOVEMENTS},D;_nphd_,this
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,ADVP-TMP,ADV,again
ID,5_a_stories_09_m14