Chapter 4 Clauses

4.1 Introduction

Instances of clause subordination were seen in chapter 3 as modifiers and complements within phrases. Chapter 5 will cover options for clause-within-clause subordination. In this chapter, section 4.2 gives annotation to distinguish matrix clause types. Section 4.3 presents the analysis of function for phrase components of a clause. Finally, section 4.4 introduces clause internal coordination with CONJP (conjunction phrase) and ILYR (clause internal) layers.

4.2 Matrix clause types

A clause is a matrix clause when it is not subordinate, that is, when it is not contained within a higher phrase or clause. The internal form of a matrix clause can determine its use, and this gives rise to a basis for distinguishing the different matrix clause types of:

declaratives (discussed in section 4.2.1)
interrogatives (discussed in section 4.2.2)
imperatives (discussed in section 4.2.3)
sentence fragments (discussed in section 4.2.4)

4.2.1 Declaratives

IP-MAT matrix clause

Table 4.35: Tag for matrix clause

A basic matrix clause with the tag of Table 4.35 is a declarative clause. A basic matrix clause requires a finite verb. For example, (4.1) has the past tense verb cried.

(4.1): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  (VBD;~Tn.p cried)
  (NP-OB1
    (NP-GENV (PRO;_genm_ my))
    (NS eyes))
  (ADVP-NIM-DIR (RP out))
  (PP-NIM-CNT (P-ROLE at)
    (NP (D;_nphd_ that))))

Modal verbs only have finite forms. The short form 'll of WILL occurs as the finte verb of (4.2), with cry as a following infinitive lexical verb.

(4.2): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  (MD;~cat_Vi <apos>ll)
  (IP-INF-CAT (VB;~I cry)
    (NP-NIM-MNR (D;_nphd_ some)
      (ADJP (ADJR more)))))

A finite DO can also occur with an infinitive lexical verb, as in (4.3), with did as past tense DO acting to emphasise the kiss.

(4.3): (IP-MAT (CONJ;_cl_ And)
  (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  (DOD did)
  (VB;~Tn kiss)
  (NP-OB1 (PRO me)))

Basic declarative clauses have positive polarity. The polarity of a matrix clause is inverted by adding negation, either as the full form not (e.g., (4.4)) or the contracted n't (e.g., (4.5) and (4.6)). Both forms need a preceding (immediately preceding when there is contraction) modal verb or finite form of BE, HAVE, or DO.

(4.4): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (D;_nphd_ This))
  (BEP;~Ln is)
  (NEG not)
  (NP-PRD2 (D an)
    (ADJP (ADJ acceptable))
    (N turnover)))

(4.5): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  (MD;~cat_Vi wo)
  (NEG;_clitic_ n<apos>t)
  (IP-INF-CAT (VB;~I cry)))

(4.6): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (N People))
  (DOP do)
  (NEG;_clitic_ n<apos>t)
  (PUNC <bital>)
  (DO;~Tn do)
  (PUNC <eital>)
  (NP-OB1 (D;_nphd_ that)))

4.2.2 Interrogatives

`CP-QUE-MAT`	top layer of matrix interrogative clause
`IP-SUB`	finite clause complement of `CP`

Table 4.36: Tags for interrogative clause

Annotation for a matrix interrogative clause involves an IP-SUB clause layer that: (i) contains all of the clause content (except end punctuation), and (ii) projects a CP-QUE-MAT layer. A matrix interrogative is formed by having an initial clause component that is either:

(i): a modal verb (e.g., (4.7)),
(ii): a finite BE or a finite HAVE or a finite DO (e.g., (4.8) and (4.9))
(iii): a constituent that includes a WH word (e.g. (4.10) – (4.15))

A clause with (i) or (ii) is called a yes/no question. A clause with (iii) is called a constituent question. For matrix constituent questions where the initial clause component is a non-subject, before the clause subject occurs, there needs to have occurred a modal verb or finite form of BE, HAVE, or DO, as seen with (4.11) – (4.15).

(4.7): (IP-SUB (MD;~cat_Vi shall)
  (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
  (IP-INF-CAT (VBP;~Ipr go)
    (PP-CLR-DIR (P-ROLE in)
      (NP
        (NP-GENV (NPR Tesco) (GENM <apos>s))))))

(4.8): (CP-QUE-MAT
  (IP-SUB (BEP;~Ln Is)
    (NP-SBJ (P-ROLE that))
    (ADVP-NIM-TMP (ADV still))
    (NP-PRD2
      (NP-GENV (PRO;_genm_ his))
      (N position)))
  (PUNC ?))

(4.9): (CP-QUE-MAT
  (IP-SUB (DOP Does)
    (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
    (VB;~I work))
  (PUNC ?))

(4.10): (CP-QUE-MAT
  (IP-SUB
    (NP-SBJ (WPRO who))
    (VBD;~Tn smacked)
    (NP-OB1 (PRO you)))
  (PUNC ?))

(4.11): (CP-QUE-MAT
  (IP-SUB
    (NP-OB1 (WPRO What))
    (DOP do)
    (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
    (VB;~Tn mean))
  (PUNC ?))

(4.12): (CP-QUE-MAT
  (IP-SUB
    (NP-PRD2
      (NP-GENV (WPRO;_genm_ whose))
      (N turn))
    (BEP;~Ln is)
    (NP-SBJ (PRO it)))
  (PUNC ?))

(4.13): (CP-QUE-MAT
  (IP-SUB
    (ADVP-NIM-CNT (WADV why))
    (DOD did)
    (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
    (DOP;~Tn do)
    (NP-OB1 (D;_nphd_ that)))
  (PUNC ?))

(4.14): (CP-QUE-MAT
  (IP-SUB
    (ADVP-NIM-MNR (WADV how))
    (DOP do)
    (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
    (VB;~Tn spell)
    (NP-OB1 (WPRO what)))
  (PUNC ?))

(4.15): (CP-QUE-MAT
  (IP-SUB
    (PP-126 (P-ROLE In)
      (NP (WD what) (NS ways)))
    (MD;~cat_Vi might)
    (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
    (IP-INF-CAT (PP-NIM-MNR *ICH*-126)
      (ADVP-NIM-TMP (ADV still))
      (BE;~Ln be)
      (NP-PRD2 (D the)
        (ADJP (ADJ same)))))
  (PUNC ?))

4.2.3 Imperatives

IP-IMP imperative clause

Table 4.37: Tag for imperative clause

An imperative clause requires a verb in the imperative form. The imperative form is a finite form of the verb that is typically equivalent to the infinitive form, and so the verb is tagged in the same way as an infinitive. It is appearance under an IP-IMP layer that distinguishes the verb as having imperative form.

Another property that marks the imperative clause as a distinct matrix clause type is the typical absence of a subject constituent. Presence of a constituent with vocative function is one way open for the construction to have a referenced ‘do-er’ or ‘be-er’ or ‘have-er’ for the verb, as in (4.16) and (4.17).

(4.16): (IP-IMP (VB;~I Stop)
(NP-VOC (N thief))
(PUNC !))

(4.17): (IP-IMP
  (NP-VOC (PRO You))
  (VB;~phr_Vp shut)
  (RP up)
  (PUNC !))

4.2.4 Sentence fragments

Presence of either (i) a subject and a finite verb, or (ii) an imperative verb warrants marking the enclosing structure as a clause (IP). When there is not enough material in an utterance to create an IP, the utterance is marked as a sentence fragment with the tag of Table 4.38.

FRAG sentence fragment

Table 4.38: Tag for sentence fragment

Examples (4.18) – (4.22) are illustrative of possible FRAG utterances.

(4.18): (FRAG
  (ADVP-MOD (ADV just))
  (META {pause})
  (PP-DIR (P-ROLE up)
    (NP (D the) (NS stairs))))

(4.19): (FRAG
  (NP-SBJ (Q;_nphd_ all)
    (IP-REL
      (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
      (VBP;~cat_Vt seem)
      (IP-INF-CAT (NP-OB1 *T*) (TO to) (VB;~I think))))
  (CP-THT-PRD2
    (IP-SUB
      (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
      (BEP;~Ln <apos>s)
      (NP-PRD2 (FLJ bloody) (N Hallowe<apos>en)
        (IP-PPL (VVN;~Ip come)
          (ADVP-CLR-DIR (ADV back))
          (ADVP-NIM-TMP (ADV again)))))))

(4.20): (FRAG
  (ADVP-MNR (ADV sadly))
  (ADVP-TMP
    (NP (Q;_nphd_ no))
    (ADVR longer))
  (PP-CLR-PRD2 (P-ROLE with)
    (NP (PRO us))))

(4.21): (ILYR
  (ILYR (REACT yes))
  (CONJP (CONJ or)
    (ILYR (REACT no))))

(4.22): (FRAG (REACT Really) (PUNC ?))

Note how (4.21) involves clause internal coordination, with the inclusion of CONJP and ILYR projections, as explained below in section 4.4.

4.3 Clause function

Besides clause level words (notably verbs, but also negation, adverb particles, and existential there), phrases may occur as components of annotated clause structure. To occur at the clause level, a phrase component requires a tag with an extension for a clause level function. Available clause level functions are:

subject (discussed in section 4.3.1)
object(s) (discussed in section 4.3.2)
predicative (discussed in section 4.3.3)
adverbial(s) (discussed in section 4.3.4)

4.3.1 Subject

`-SBJ`	subject
`-ESBJ`	subject of a clause with existential there
`-NSBJ`	notional subject

Table 4.39: The full range of tag extensions related to the subject function

A subject is always required in a basic clause. The subject is typically the noun phrase corresponding to the ‘do-er’ or ‘be-er’ or ‘have-er’ of the verb. The subject can determine the form of the first verb instance of the clause (e.g. I am, he/she/it is, we/you (all)/they are). Also, with regards to form, pronoun subject forms I/we/he/she/they contrast with non-subject forms me/us/him/her/them.

Subjects typically occur with a clause initial position. For a couple of untypical clause types, the subject can appear after an initial verb. This holds especially for interrogatives, as in examples of section 4.2.2 above. Inversion of the subject and an initial verb can also occur after a frontmost adverbial phrase with a (semi-)negative adverbial head such as hardly, scarcely, little, never, seldom, rarely), as in (4.23).

(4.23): (IP-MAT
  (ADVP-NIM-TMP (ADV Never)
    (PP (P-ROLE at)
      (NP (D any) (N time))))
  (DOP does)
  (NP-SBJ (D the) (N user))
  (VB;~La feel)
  (ADJP-PRD2 (ADJ constrained)))

Inversion of the subject with a modal verb or finite form of BE, HAVE, or DO also happens with and so reduced clauses:

(4.24): (ILYR
  (ILYR
    (PP-NIM-TMP (P-ROLE By)
      (ADVP (ADV then)))
    (NP-SBJ (NPR Hez))
    (MD;~cat_Vi could)
    (IP-INF-CAT (VB;~I see)
      (PP-BNF (P-ROLE for)
        (NP (PNX himself)))))
  (PUNC ,)
  (CONJP (CONJ and)
    (ILYR
      (ADVP-NIM-MNR (ADV so))
      (MD;~cat_Vi could)
      (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS others)))))

Also, the subject occurs after the verb in clauses with existential there.

(4.25): (IP-MAT (EX There) (VBP;~ex_cat_Vt remain)
  (NP-ESBJ
    (ADJP (ADJ many))
    (ADJP
      (AJLYR
        (AJLYR (ADJ political))
        (CONJP (CONJ and)
          (AJLYR (ADJ administrative)))))
    (NS problems))
  (IP-INF-CAT (TO to) (BE;~cat_Ve_passive_ be)
    (IP-PPL-CAT (NP-LGS *) (VVN;~Tn solved))))

In the annotation, -SBJ is the basic tag extension for marking a subject. Other more specialised markings in table 4.39 relate to the subject function in particular constructions:

tag extension -ESBJ marks the subject of a clause with existential there, as in (4.25) above
tag extension -NSBJ marks a notional subject that co-occurs in a clause with: (i) a provisional subject it tagged PRO;_provisional_, as in (4.27); or (ii) a derived subject marked -SBJ and so not distinguished independently of the construction, as in (4.28)

(4.26): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (PRO;_cleft_ it))
  (BEP;~cleft_V <apos>s)
  (NP-FOC (D that) (N kind)
    (PP (P-ROLE of)
      (NP (N smell))))
  (IP-CLF
    (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
    (BEP <apos>s)
    (PP-NIM-LOC (P-ROLE into))))

(4.27): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (PRO;_provisional_ it))
  (BEP;~La <apos>s)
  (NEG not)
  (ADJP-PRD2 (ADJ right))
  (NP-NSBJ (D;_nphd_ this)))

(4.28): (ILYR
  (NP-SBJ (D The) (N breaststroke))
  (BEP;~La is)
  (ADJP-PRD2
    (ADVP (ADV very))
    (ADJ hard))
  (IP-INF-NSBJ (NP-LGS *) (TO to) (VB;~Tn.pr explain)
    (PP-CLR-MNR (P-ROLE in)
      (NP (NS words)))))

The subject can also be it as a dummy element tagged PRO;_expletive_ which has nothing else to relate to in the clause and essentially fills the role of licensing a contentless subject, as in (4.29).

(4.29): (IP-SUB (BEP;~cat_Vg is)
  (NP-SBJ (PRO;_expletive_ it))
  (IP-PPL-CAT
    (ADVP-NIM-TMP (ADV still))
    (VAG;~I raining)))

4.3.2 Object

An object can only occur when there is a transitive verb. The following properties are typical:

An object is normally a noun phrase that follows its transitive verb, and gives the content that the transitive verb is acting upon.
An object cannot be an adjective phrase (in contrast to predicatives).
An object can be turned into the subject of a corresponding passive clause. Compare Everyone saw me with I was seen (by everyone).
An object pronoun is in the accusative case. For example, in He likes her and She likes him, the accusative forms her and him fill the object position.

There are two types of objects:

direct object (-OB1) (discussed in section 4.3.2.1)
indirect object (-OB2) (discussed in section 4.3.2.2)

Also, section 4.3.2.2 notes that preposition phrases with indiect object function (PP-OB2) are possible.

4.3.2.1 Direct object

`-OB1`	direct object
`-DOB1`	derived object
`-NOB1`	notional direct object

Table 4.40: The full range of tag extensions related to the direct object function

A direct object generally follows immediately after its transitive verb, except where an indirect object intervenes. In the annotation, -OB1 is the basic tag extension for marking a direct object. Other more specialised markings seen in table 4.40 relate to the direct object function in particular constructions:

a derived direct object marked -DOB1 occurs in a clause alongside a non-finite embedded clause marked -OB1, as with (4.30) and (4.31)
tag extension -NOB1 marks a notional direct object that occurs in a clause with a provisional direct object it, tagged PRO;_provisional_, as with (4.32) and (4.33)

(4.30): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
  (VBP;~Tnt want)
  (NP-DOB1 (NS children))
  (IP-INF-OB1 (TO to) (VB;~Tn fulfil)
    (NP-OB1
      (NP-GENV (PRO;_genm_ their))
      (N potential))))

(4.31): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  (MD;~cat_Vi could)
  (IP-INF-CAT (VB;~Tng see)
    (NP-DOB1 (D the) (N blood))
    (IP-PPL-OB1 (VAG;~Ipr running)
      (PP-CLR-DIR (P-ROLE down)
        (NP
          (NP-GENV (PRO;_genm_ his))
          (N chest))))))

(4.32): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  (VBP;~Tn.pr leave)
  (NP-OB1 (PRO;_provisional_ it))
  (PP-CLR (P-ROLE to)
    (NP (PRO you) (PUNC ,)
      (PRN
        (NP (NPR Madam) (NPR Deputy) (NPR Speaker)))))
  (PUNC ,)
  (IP-INF-NOB1 (TO to) (VB;~Tw decide)
    (CP-QUE-OB1
      (IP-SUB
        (NP-OB1 (WPRO which)
          (PP (P-ROLE of)
            (NP (D those) (NS traits))))
        (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
        (VBP;~Tn share)))))

(4.33): (ILYR
  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  (VBD;~Cn.a found)
  (NP-OB1 (PRO;_provisional_ it))
  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ strange))
  (CP-THT-NOB1
    (IP-SUB (C that)
      (NP-SBJ
        (NLYR (CONJ neither)
          (NLYR (PRO I))
          (CONJP (CONJ nor)
            (NLYR (D the) (N day)))))
      (VBD;~Ipr seemed)
      (PP-CLR-MNR (P-ROLE in)
        (NP (D a)
          (ADJP (ADJ mourning))
          (N mood))))))

(4.34): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  (VBP;~Cn.a find)
  (NP-OB1 (D;_nphd_ this))
  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ difficult))
  (IP-INF-NOB1 (NP-LGS *) (TO to) (VB believe)))

4.3.2.2 Indirect object

-OB2 indirect object

Table 4.41: Extension tag for indirect object function

An indirect object occurs after ditransitive verbs such as GIVE and TELL, and comes before the direct object. It conforms to the other criteria for objects, including the formation of passives.

While rare, it is possible for the indirect object to be the only object present in the clause, as in (4.35).

(4.35): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (D;_nphd_ that))
  (BEP;~equ_Vw <apos>s)
  (CP-QUE-PRD2
    (IP-SUB
      (ADVP-NIM-CNT (WADV why))
      (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
      (VBD;~Dn.* asked)
      (NP-OB2 (PRO you)))))

The indirect object function can also occur with preposition phrases that are selected by a verb with [Dn.pr] code, discussed in chapter 7.

4.3.2.3 Closely related element

-CLR closely related element

Table 4.42: Tag extension for closely related element

The closely related function of Table 4.42 occurs only with preposition phrases that have a verb selected function. When we look at verb codes with objects in chapter 7, we will find that verbs selecting PP-CLR involve a code with pr, e.g., [Ipr], [Tn.pr], etc.

4.3.3 Predicative

`-PRD`	object predicative
`-PRD2`	subject predicative

Table 4.43: Extension tags related to predicative functions

A predicative can only occur as a clause element when selected by the verb. A predicative typically follows the verb and (if one is present) the direct object. All of the phrase types considered in chapter 3 are able to function as predicatives: noun phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase, and preposition phrase. This behaviour is in contrast to objects, which cannot be adjective phrases.

There are two types of predicative: the subject predicative and the object predicative. In the annotation, having 2 as part of the predicative tag, to give -PRD2, marks a subject predicative. Absence of 2, signals an object predicative. Both types of predicative have the semantic role of characterising a preceding noun phrase:

a subject predicative adds more information about the subject, as seen with (4.36)
an object predicative does the same for its direct object, as seen with (4.37)

(4.36): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (D The) (N Skipjack))
  (VBD;~Ln became)
  (NP-PRD2 (D the)
    (ADJP (ADJS fastest))
    (N submarine)
    (IP-PPL (NP-LGS *)
      (ADVP-NIM-TMP (ADV ever))
      (VVN;~Tn built))))

(4.37): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  (VBP;~Cn.a find)
  (NP-OB1 (D;_nphd_ this))
  (ADJP-PRD
    (ADVP (ADV very))
    (ADJ interesting)))

4.3.4 Adverbials

An adverbial is a phrase that is used to modify a verb or clause. Adverbials need to be given functional information in the annotation. Following the coding system for adverbial function from the SUSANNE Corpus and Analytic Scheme (Sampson 1995), the full range of extensions for marking adverbial functions is given in Table 4.44.

`-ABS`	absolute
`-BNF`	benefactive
`-CNT`	contingency
`-COM`	comitative
`-DIR`	directional
`-LOC`	locative
`-MNR`	manner/degree
`-MOD`	modality
`-RST`	respect
`-TMP`	temporal

Table 4.44: The full range of tag extensions for marking adverbial functions

It is typical for adverb phrases to be used as adverbials, but also many other types of phrases can be used in this way, including noun phrases, preposition phrases, and subordinate clauses.

In (4.38), the preposition phrases in the face and with a pistol, the noun phrase last night, and the subordinate clause after robbing him of $18 are all adverbials that modify struck.

(4.38): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (D A) (N thug))
  (VBD;~Tn.pr struck)
  (NP-OB1 (D a) (N cab) (N driver))
  (PP-NIM-LOC (P-ROLE in)
    (NP (D the) (N face)))
  (PP-NIM-MNR (P-ROLE with)
    (NP (D a) (N pistol)))
  (NP-NIM-TMP
    (ADJP (ADJ last))
    (N night))
  (PP-SCON-TMP (P-CONN after)
    (IP-PPL (VAG;~Tn.pr robbing)
      (NP-OB1 (PRO him)))))

The adverbials of (4.38) are all optional elements of clause structure. But also, on a verb specific basis, adverbials may have clause presence as required elements when expressing a particular semantic relation that the verb selects, as seen with the grammatical codes of [Ipr], [In/pr], [Tn.pr], and [Dn.pr] discussed in chapter 7.

With the exception of -DIR, the adverbial functions of Table 4.44 typically mark phrases that are not selected by the verb. Even when not selected by the verb, adverbials still need to make a meaning contribution that is compatible with the meaning of the verb.

(4.39): (ILYR
  (PP-NIM-TMP (P-ROLE For)
    (NP (D a) (N time)))
  (PUNC ,)
  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  (ADVP-NIM-TMP (ADV still))
  (VBD;~I worked)
  (NP-NIM-TMP (D a) (N couple)
    (PP (P-ROLE of)
      (NP (NS afternoons))))
  (NP-NIM-MNR (N supply) (N teaching))
  (PP-NIM-LOC (P-ROLE at)
    (NP (NPR Perins))))

(4.40): (ILYR
  (NP-SBJ (D the)
    (ADJP (ADJ visual))
    (N aspect))
  (BEP;~Ln is)
  (NP-PRD2
    (ADVP-MOD (ADV much))
    (D the)
    (ADJP (ADJ same)))
  (PUNC ,)
  (PP-NIM-COM
    (ADVP-MOD (ADV even))
    (P-ROLE with)
    (NP
      (ADJP (ADJ major))
      (NS changes))))

(4.41): (ILYR
  (PP-NIM-TMP (P-ROLE In)
    (NP (D the) (N summer)
      (PP (P-ROLE of)
        (NP (NPR 1979)))))
  (PUNC ,)
  (NP-SBJ (D the) (NPR ITV) (N channel))
  (VBD;~I disappeared)
  (PP-NIM-DIR (P-ROLE from)
    (NP (D the)
      (ADJP (ADJ national))
      (NS screens)))
  (PP-NIM-TMP (P-ROLE for)
    (NP (NS months)))
  (PP-NIM-CNT (P-ROLE due_to)
    (NP
      (ADJP (ADJ industrial))
      (N action))))

(4.42): (ILYR (VB;~phr_Vp.pr head) (RP straight)
  (PP-CLR-DIR (P-ROLE across)
    (NP (D the) (NS swells)))
  (PP-NIM-DIR (P-ROLE for)
    (NP (N Antler))))

(4.43): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  (HVP;~cat_Ve <apos>ve)
  (IP-PPL-CAT (VVN;~Tn watched)
    (NP-OB1 (PRO them))
    (PP-NIM-TMP
      (ADVP-MOD (ADV all))
      (P-ROLE through)
      (NP (D the) (N week)))))

(4.44): (ILYR (VBD;~Ipr went)
  (PP-NIM-DIR (P-ROLE through)
    (NP (D the) (N wood)))
  (PP-CLR-DIR (P-ROLE to)
    (NP
      (NP-GENV (D the) (N baker) (GENM <apos>s)))))

(4.45): (IP-ADV
  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  (VBP;~Ip arrive)
  (ADVP-CLR-DIR (ADV home))
  (PP-NIM-DIR (P-ROLE from)
    (NP (N school)))
  (PP-NIM-TMP (P-ROLE in)
    (NP (D the) (N evening)))
  (PUNC ,)
  (PP-NIM-TMP (P-ROLE at)
    (NP
      (ADVP (ADV about))
      (NUM four)
      (ADVP (ADV o<apos>clock)))))

4.4 Clause internal coordination

ILYR clause internal layer

Table 4.45: Tag for clause internal layer

Coordination joins together two or more constituents which are outside of each other and of ‘equal status’. For example, content for three clauses become one clause through coordination in (4.46).

(4.46): (IP-MAT
  (ILYR
    (ILYR
      (NP-SBJ (N Mr) (NPR G))
      (BEP;~Ln is)
      (NP-PRD2 (D the) (N headmaster)))
    (PUNC ,)
    (CONJP
      (ILYR
        (NP-SBJ (N Miss) (NPR K))
        (BEP;~Ln is)
        (NP-PRD2 (D the) (N deputy) (N head))))
    (CONJP (CONJ and)
      (ILYR
        (NP-SBJ (N Mrs) (NPR V))
        (BEP;~Ln is)
        (NP-PRD2 (D the) (N school) (N secretary)))))
  (PUNC .))

The overall coordinated structure of (4.46) is gathered under a single ILYR (clause internal layer) projection with the external behaviour of a single clause. Each conjunct of the coordinated structure is an ILYR that is either:

(i): the first conjunct followed by one or more CONJP sisters, or
(ii): a conjunct that is directly under a CONJP.

Coordinated structure can itself form the conjunct of larger coordinated structure. Such layered coordination is easiest to identify when different coordinators are used at each level, as in (4.47).

(4.47): (IP-MAT
  (ILYR
    (ILYR
      (ILYR
        (ILYR
          (NP-SBJ (N Mrs) (NPR G))
          (BED;~Ln was)
          (NP-PRD2 (N headmistress))
          (PP-SCON-TMP (P-CONN when)
            (IP-ADV
              (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
              (VBD;~I came))))
        (CONJP (CONJ but)
          (ILYR
            (FS
              (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
              (VBD left)
              (META #))
            (ADVP-NIM-TMP
              (ADVP (ADV soon))
              (ADV after))
            (IP-ADV
              (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
              (VBD;~I left))))))
    (PUNC ,)
    (CONJP (CONJ and)
      (ILYR
        (ILYR
          (ILYR
            (NP-SBJ (D a)
              (ADJP (ADJ new))
              (N headmistress))
            (VBD;~I came))
          (PUNC _*,*_)
          (CONJP
            (ILYR
              (NP-SBJ
                (NP-GENV (PRO;_genm_ her))
                (N name))
              (BEP;~Ln is)
              (NP-PRD2 (N Miss) (NPR B))))))))
  (PUNC .))

Coordination can happen at different levels of clause structure. In (4.48) coordination occurs at the highest level of clause structure, so that the front placement of is (i.e. marking for an interrogative clause) is required for both conjuncts.

(4.48): (CP-QUE-MAT
  (IP-SUB
    (ILYR
      (ILYR (BEP;~Ln is)
        (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
        (NP-PRD2 (D a) (N manager)))
      (CONJP (CONJ or)
        (ILYR (BEP;~La is)
          (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
          (ADJP-PRD2 (ADJ unemployed))
          (PP-NIM-TMP (P-ROLE at)
            (NP (D the) (N moment)))))))
  (PUNC ?))

In (4.49) the coordination is within the syntactic scope of the subject.

(4.49): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
  (ILYR (NEG not)
    (ADVP-NIM-MOD (ADV only))
    (ILYR (VBP look)
      (PP-CLR (P-ROLE at)
        (NP (D the) (N inside)
          (PP (P-ROLE of)
            (NP (D the) (N apartment))))))
    (PUNC ,)
    (CONJP (CONJ but)
      (ILYR
        (ADVP-NIM-MOD (ADV also))
        (VBP look)
        (PP-CLR (P-ROLE at)
          (NP (D the) (NS surroundings)))))))

In (4.50) we can see coordination occurring within the clause at two distinct levels: (i) at a level that is just under the syntactic scope of the overall subject, and (ii) at a level that is under the syntactic scope of an object.

(4.50): (IP-MAT
  (NP-SBJ (D the) (NUM fourth) (N year))
  (ILYR
    (ILYR (VBP;~Ip go)
      (ADVP-CLR-DIR (RP out))
      (PP-NIM-LOC (P-ROLE on_to)
        (NP (D the) (N field))))
    (CONJP (CONJ and)
      (ILYR
        (ILYR
          (ILYR (VBP;~Tn practise))
          (CONJP (CONJ or)
            (ILYR (VBP;~Tn play))))
        (NP-OB1
          (NLYR
            (NLYR (N cricket))
            (CONJP (CONJ or)
              (NLYR (NS rounders)))))))))