Main verbs
7.1 Introduction
The MAIN VERB is either the only verb of a clause or the last verb to occur in a sequence of verbs of the same clause. Verbs of a verb sequence that are prior to the main verb, called CATENATIVE VERBS, were the focus of chapter 6.
The main verb of a clause determines which constituents (if any, besides the subject) are required for the clause to be structurally complete. With the annotation, these clause requirements are signalled by adding a code to the word class tag of each main verb. The system of codes used to mark main verbs comes from the fourth edition of the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (OALD4; Cowie 1989). These codes can add information that would be unavailable otherwise: Notably, they:
- signal when adverbial elements are selected items of the clause
- disambiguate the subject contribution for passivised verbs (e.g., with [Tnt] the promoted subject has -DOB1 function, while with [Dn.t] it has -OB2 function)
- partially establish word sense
Also, the codes:
- provide a succinct notation to assist cataloging and searching clause structure
- offer an independent check on the validity of the clause annotation
The chapter is organised as follows. Section 7.2 gives an overview of the OALD4 codes. Thereafter each code is described and illustrated, with:
- section 7.3 covering linking verb codes
- section 7.4, intransitive verb codes
- section 7.5, monotransitive verb codes
- section 7.6, complex-transitive verb codes
- section 7.7, ditransitive verb codes
7.2 OALD4 verb codes
An OALD4 verb code starts with a capital letter: L, I, T, C, or D. This capital letter signals how the verb belongs to one of the verb classes of Table 7.59. These verb classes set requirements for the structural level of the clause: the NUMBER of elements and their FUNCTION. An element with subject function is always required in a basic clause, so mentioned elements are additional to the subject.
Table 7.59: Capital letters L, I, T, C, and D
| L |
LINKING verb |
is associated with a SUBJECT PREDICATIVE (-PRD2), an element which provides information about the subject of the clause. |
| I |
INTRANSITIVE verb |
is NOT associated with a SUBJECT PREDICATIVE or an OBJECT, although it may be associated with an ADVERBIAL, an element which tells us about time, place, manner, etc of the action of the verb. |
| T |
TRANSITIVE verb |
MONOTRANSITIVE verb |
is associated with a DIRECT OBJECT (-OB1), an element which often refers to the person or thing affected by the action of the verb. |
| C |
COMPLEX-TRANSITIVE verb |
is associated with both a DIRECT OBJECT (-OB1) and an OBJECT PREDICATIVE (-PRD), an element which provides more information about the direct object. Note: in the code, a dot divides information about the realisation of the direct object from information about the realisation of the object predicative. |
| D |
DITRANSITIVE verb |
is associated with both a DIRECT OBJECT (-OB1) and an INDIRECT OBJECT (-OB2), an element which refers to a person who receives something or benefits from an action. Note: in the code, a dot divides information about the realisation of the direct object from information about the realisation of the indirect object. |
A complete verb code is reached when a capital letter from Table 7.59 is possibly followed by lower case letters from Table 7.60.
Table 7.60: Lower case letters a, n, p, pr, n/pr, n/a, t, f, w, g, and i
| a | adjective phrase |
| n | noun phrase |
| p | adverb particle |
| pr | preposition phrase |
| n/pr | noun phrase/preposition phrase |
| n/a | as + noun phrase/adjective phrase |
| t | non-finite clause (to-infinitive) (IP-INF with to tagged TO and verb tagged VB) |
| f | that-clause (CP-THT) |
| w | finite or non-finite clause with wh element (CP-QUE) |
| g | participial clause ({ing} form) (IP-PPL with verb tagged VAG) |
| i | non-finite clause (bare infinitive) (IP-INF with verb tagged VB but no TO tagged word) |
These lower case letters represent information about the FORM of the constituents that are used to realise the required elements that are signalled by their capital letter. For example, [La] is the code used to mark a linking verb in clause structure with the linking verb + a subject predicative constituent that is an adjective phrase. In codes with multiple lower case letters, the lower case letters can appear separated by a dot (‘.’) character. For example, [Cn.a] is the code used to mark a complex-transitive verb in clause structure with the complex-transitive verb + a direct object constituent that is a noun phrase + an object predicative constituent that is an adjective phrase.
7.3 Linking verb codes
This section introduces linking verb codes: [La] and [Ln].
[La] is the code used to mark a linking verb in clause structure with the linking verb + subject predicative that is an adjective phrase (ADJP-PRD2). The subject predicative describes some quality or feature of the subject. In (7.1), was is a linking verb with the subject predicative quite good adding information about the subject, the weather.
- (7.1)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,The
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,weather
IP-MAT,BED;~La,was
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADVP,ADV,quite
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,good
ID,10_lucy_child_12_f27
Co-occurrence of a provisional subject (PRO;_provisional_) with a notational subject (-NSBJ) is possible in a clause with an [La] marked verb. In (7.2) the notational subject is a noun phrase (NP-NSBJ).
- (7.2)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO;_provisional_,it
IP-MAT,BEP;~La,<apos>s
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,amazing
IP-MAT,NP-NSBJ,D,that_#_er_that
IP-MAT,NP-NSBJ,NPR,Hoover
ID,464_christine_t13
It is more typical for the notational subject to be a clause. For example, the notational subject in (7.3) is a that-clause.
- (7.3)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO;_provisional_,It
IP-MAT,BEP;~La,is
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,possible
IP-MAT,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,C,that
IP-MAT,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,RP,over
IP-MAT,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,PUNC,<hyphen>
IP-MAT,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,VBD,corrected
ID,83_susanne_a14
[Ln] is the code used to mark a linking verb in clause structure with the linking verb + subject predicative that is a noun phrase (NP-PRD2). The subject predicative gives further information about the subject. In (7.4), remained is a linking verb with the subject predicative the problem to add information about the subject, the date.
- (7.4)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,the
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,date
IP-MAT,VBD;~Ln,remained
IP-MAT,NP-PRD2,D,the
IP-MAT,NP-PRD2,ADJP,ADJ,real
IP-MAT,NP-PRD2,N,problem
ID,51_lucy_bnc_b13
7.4 Intransitive verb codes
This section introduces intransitive verb codes: [I], [Ipr], [Ip], [In/pr], and [It].
[I] is the code used to mark an intransitive verb in clause structure with the intransitive verb but no other post-verbal selected element. That is, the verb is not followed by an object, a subject predicative, or a closely linked adjunct. Optional adverbial phrases of location, manner, time, etc can be used. For example, the location adverbial phrase here in (7.5) is optional.
- (7.5)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,another
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,shop
IP-MAT,VBD;~I,opened
IP-MAT,ADVP-LOC,ADV,here
ID,332_christine_t14
In (7.6) there is the optional manner preposition phrase with high hopes and a mongrel puppy.
- (7.6)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,VBD;~I,arrived
IP-MAT,PP-MNR,P-ROLE,with
IP-MAT,PP-MNR,NP,NLYR,NP,ADJP,ADJ,high
IP-MAT,PP-MNR,NP,NLYR,NP,NS,hopes
IP-MAT,PP-MNR,NP,NLYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,PP-MNR,NP,NLYR,CONJP,NP,D,a
IP-MAT,PP-MNR,NP,NLYR,CONJP,NP,N,mongrel
IP-MAT,PP-MNR,NP,NLYR,CONJP,NP,N;@3,puppy
ID,13_a_alresford
[Ipr] is the code used to mark an intransitive verb in clause structure with the intransitive verb + a post-verbal selected preposition phrase. The verb is closely linked in grammar and meaning to the preposition phrase.
For some verbs with the [Ipr] code, the preposition phrase cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the verb or producing nonsense. For example, the preposition phrases of (7.7) and (7.8) cannot be removed.
- (7.7)
-
IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PRO,we
IP-ADV,VBD;~Ipr,got
IP-ADV,PP-CLR-DIR,P-ROLE,out
IP-ADV,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,D,the
IP-ADV,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,N,car
ID,427_christine_t05
- (7.8)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,some
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NS,cases
IP-MAT,VBP;~Ipr,result
IP-MAT,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,in
IP-MAT,PP-CLR,NP,ADJP,ADJ,persistent
IP-MAT,PP-CLR,NP,N,arthritis
ID,56_a_factbook_1_2010
After other verbs with the [Ipr] code, the preposition phrase selected by the verb can be removed freely. For example, the preposition phrase of (7.9) can be removed with no change to the verb meaning.
- (7.9)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,this
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,system
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,BED;~La,was
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,out_<hyphen>_of_<hyphen>_date
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,MD;~cat_Vi,could
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NEG;_clitic_,n<apos>t
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Ipr,cope
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,with
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,N,demand
ID,3_lucy_student_e81
Some verbs used with the [Ipr] code can be made passive. The noun phrase complement of the selected preposition phrase in an active clause becomes the subject of a passive clause, with the preposition of the selected preposition phrase left stranded. For example, (7.10) illustrates an active clause with paid for, while (7.11) is passive.
- (7.10)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,HVP;~cat_Ve,have
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ADVP-TMP,ADV,now
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Ipr,paid
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,for
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,NP,NUM,two
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,NP,NS,plates
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,PUNC,_*<comma>*_
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,CONJP,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,CONJP,NP,N,teapot
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,CONJP;@4,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,CONJP;@4,NP,NUM,two
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,CONJP;@4,NP,NS,cups
ID,22_lucy_child_09_m68
- (7.11)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,Q,All
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NLYR,NLYR,NP,N,accommodation
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NLYR,NLYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NLYR,NLYR,CONJP,NP,N,travel
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NS,costs
IP-MAT,BEP;~cat_Ve_passive_,are
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Ipr,paid
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,for
ID,8_a_fce_0100_2000_06
Note that the annotation of (7.11) makes no use of indexing to establish the link between the subject of the passive and its role with interpretation as the complement of the verb selected preposition phrase. (See chapter 9 for constructions that do require indexing.)
[Ip] is the code used to mark an intransitive verb in clause structure with the intransitive verb + a post-verbal selected adverb particle. The verb is closely linked in grammar and meaning to the adverb particle.
For some verbs with the [Ip] code, the particle cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the verb or producing nonsense. For example, the preposition phrases of (7.12) and (7.13) cannot be removed.
- (7.12)
-
IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PRO,they
IP-ADV,VBD;~phr_Vp,got
IP-ADV,RP,out
ID,233_a_ted_talk_11
- (7.13)
-
ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO,he
ILYR,MD;~cat_Vi,might
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,HV;~cat_Ve,have
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Ip,got,
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ADVP-CLR-DIR,ADV,away
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ADVP-MNR,ADV,altogether
ID,16_a_potter_1902
After other verbs with the [Ip] code, the particle can be deleted freely. For example, the adverbial particle of (7.14) can be removed without change to the verb meaning.
- (7.14)
-
ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO,He
ILYR,VBD;~Ip,turned
ILYR,ADVP-CLR-DIR,ADV,away
ID,53_lucy_bnc_c03
[In/pr] is the code used to mark an intransitive verb in clause structure with the intransitive verb + a post-verbal selected element that is either a noun phrase or a preposition phrase.
- (7.15)
-
NP,D,the
NP,N,beach
NP,IP-REL,ADVP-LOC,RADV,where
NP,IP-REL,NP-SBJ,PRO,we
NP,IP-REL,VBD;~In/pr,stayed
NP,IP-REL,NP-CLR-TMP,D,the
NP,IP-REL,NP-CLR-TMP,ADJP,ADJ,whole
NP,IP-REL,NP-CLR-TMP,N,day
ID,12_lucy_child_10_k05
- (7.16)
-
NP,NPR,Weggis
NP,IP-REL,ADVP-105,RADV,where
NP,IP-REL,NP-SBJ,PRO,we
NP,IP-REL,BED;~cat_Vg,were
NP,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG;~cat_Vt,going
NP,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,TO,to
NP,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~In/pr,stay
NP,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,ADVP-LOC,*ICH*-105
NP,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR-TMP,P-ROLE,for
NP,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR-TMP,NP,D,the
NP,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR-TMP,NP,N,fortnight
ID,12_lucy_child_12_f30
Here, the verb is closely linked to a noun phrase or preposition phrase which indicates ‘extent’ (e.g. how long it lasts, how much the subject costs, what it measures). The preposition can be for as in (_7.16) or by as in (7.17).
- (7.17)
-
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,its
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,N,volume
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,N,beer
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,N;@2,production
IP-SUB,VBD;~In/pr,rose
IP-SUB,PP-CLR-MNR,P-ROLE,by
IP-SUB,PP-CLR-MNR,NP,NUM,3<dot>5
IP-SUB,PP-CLR-MNR,NP,N,per_cent
ID,81_lucy_bnc_b09
[It] is the code used to mark an intransitive verb in clause structure with the intransitive verb + a closely linked to-infinitive clause. With the annotation, the to-infinitive clause is function marked as being closely related (IP-INF-CLR), as in (7.18).
- (7.18)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,It
IP-MAT,BEP;~cat_Vg,<apos>s
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ADVP-TMP,ADV,just
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG;~It,waiting
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CLR,P-CONN,for
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CLR,NP-SBJ,PRO,us
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CLR,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CLR,VB;~phr_Vp,take
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CLR,RP,off
ID,341_a_dick_1952
Verbs with the [It] code cannot be made passive.
7.5 Monotransitive verb codes
This section introduces monotransitive verb codes: [Tn], [Tn.pr], [Tn.p], [Tf], [Tw], [Tt], [Tnt], [Tg], [Tsg], [Tng], and [Tni].
[Tn] is the code used to mark a monotransitive verb in clause structure with the monotransitive verb + a direct object that is a noun phrase (NP-OB1).
Some verbs used with the [Tn] code can also be used with the [I] code without a change of subject or meaning. For example, keeping the subject but removing the object of (7.19) would not change the verb meaning.
- (7.19)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,BED;~cat_Vg,was
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG;~Tn,reading
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,D,a
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,N,book
ID,123_x_textbook_purple1
Other verbs used with the [Tn] code can also be used with the [I] code only with what is the object of the [Tn] code needing to become the subject of the [I] code. For example, compare (7.20) with (7.19) above.
- (7.20)
-
IP-MAT,PP-TMP,P-ROLE,In
IP-MAT,PP-TMP,NP,NUM,35
IP-MAT,PP-TMP,NP,NS,years
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,we
IP-MAT,HVP;~cat_Ve,have
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn,opened
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,NUM,7<comma>000
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,NS,churches
ID,77_susanne_a10
Most verbs with the [Tn] code can be made passive, with the object of an active clause becoming the subject of a passive clause. For example, (7.21) is an active clause with CUT as the [Tn] verb, while (7.22) is passive.
- (7.21)
-
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,D,the
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NS,resellers
IP-SUB,HVP;~cat_Ve,have
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,BEN;~cat_Vg,been
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG,cutting
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,NS,prices
ID,37_lucy_bnc_b36
- (7.22)
-
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-SBJ,VAG;~I,spending
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-SBJ,PP-MNR,P-ROLE,on
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-SBJ,PP-MNR,NP,N,education
IP-MAT,BEP;~cat_Vg,is,
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,BAG;~cat_Ve_passive_,being
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn,cut
ID,93_lucy_bnc_b41
[Tn.pr] is the code used to mark a monotransitive verb in clause structure with the monotransitive verb + a direct object that is a noun phrase (NP-OB1) + an adverbial preposition phrase that is a selected item of the verb.
For some verbs with the [Tn.pr] code, the preposition phrase cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the verb or producing nonsense. For example, the preposition phrase of (7.23) cannot be removed.
- (7.23)
-
ILYR,NP-SBJ,NPR,Tance
ILYR,VBD;~Tn.pr,put
ILYR,NP-OB1,D,the
ILYR,NP-OB1,N,paper
ILYR,PP-CLR-LOC,P-ROLE,in
ILYR,PP-CLR-LOC,NP,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,his
ILYR,PP-CLR-LOC,NP,N,pocket
ID,284_a_dick_1952
After other verbs with the [Tn.pr] code, the preposition phrase selected by the verb can be removed freely. For example, the preposition phrase of (7.24) can be removed with no change to the verb meaning, as in (7.25) where the verb STEAL has the [Tn] code.
- (7.24)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,ADJP,AJLYR,ADJP,ADJ,Hostile
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,ADJP,AJLYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,ADJP,AJLYR,CONJP,ADJP,ADVP-MOD,ADV,even
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,ADJP,AJLYR,CONJP,ADJP,ADJ,friendly
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NS,nations
IP-MAT,ADVP-TMP,ADV,routinely
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,VBP;~Tn.pr,steal
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,NP-OB1,N,information
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,PP-LOC,P-ROLE,from
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,PP-LOC,NP,ADJP,ADJ,U<dot>S<dot>
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,PP-LOC,NP,NS,companies
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,VBP;~Tn.pr,share
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-OB1,PRO,it
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-COM,P-ROLE,with
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-COM,NP,NP-GENV,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,their
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-COM,NP,NP-GENV,ADJP,ADJ,own
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-COM,NP,NS,companies
ID,3_a_wsj_1640
- (7.25)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,the
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NPRS,Soviets
IP-MAT,BEP;~cat_Vg,are
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ADVP-MNR,ADV,openly
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG;~Tn,stealing
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,ADJP,ADJ,Western
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,ADJP;@2,ADJ,corporate
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,NS,communications
ID,20_a_wsj_1640
Most verbs with the [Tn.pr] code can be made passive. The direct object of an active verb becomes the subject of the same verb in the passive, as in (7.26).
- (7.26)
-
ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO,We
ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRN,NP,ADJP,ADJ,human
ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRN,NP,NS,beings
ILYR,BEP;~cat_Ve_passive_,are
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,ADVP-MOD,ADV,still
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn.pr,divided
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,into
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,N,nation
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NS,states
ID,7_a_voyager
[Tn.p] is the code used to mark a monotransitive verb in clause structure with the monotransitive verb + a direct object that is a noun phrase (NP-OB1) + a selected adverb particle.
After some verbs, the particle cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the verb or producing nonsense:
- (7.27)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,he
IP-MAT,VBD;~Tn.p,turned
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,his
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,N,radio
IP-MAT,RP,off
ID,32_susanne_n06
After other verbs, the particle can be deleted freely:
- (7.28)
-
ILYR,VAG;~Tn.p,calling
ILYR,NP-OB1,PRO,it
ILYR,RP,up
ID,8_a_duplex
- (7.29)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,you
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,can,
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Tn,call
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,NS,police
ID,133_christine_t19
When the direct object is a pronoun, it precedes the particle:
- (7.30)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,They
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,<apos>ll
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Tn.p,trample,
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,PRO,it,
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,RP,down
ID,94_susanne_n02
When the direct object is a short noun phrase, it can usually either precede or follow the particle. When the direct object is a long noun phrase, it usually follows the particle:
- (7.31)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,he
IP-MAT,VBD;~Tn.p,turned
IP-MAT,RP,on
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,D,the
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,N,radio
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,IP-REL,NP-SBJ,RPRO,that
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,IP-REL,BED;~cat_Vg,was
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG,sitting
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LOC,P-ROLE,on
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LOC,NP,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,his
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LOC,NP,N,desk
ID,232_a_ted_talk_11
Most verbs with the [Tn.p] code can be made passive. The object of an active verb becomes the subject of the same verb in the passive, as in (7.32).
- (7.32)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,The
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,unit
IP-MAT,BED;~cat_Ve_passive_,was
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ILYR,ILYR,VVN;~Tn.p,turned
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ILYR,ILYR,RP,on
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,VVN;~Tn,set
ID,23_lucy_student_e44
[Tf] is the code used to mark a monotransitive verb in clause structure with the monotransitive verb + a direct object that is a that-clause (CP-THT-OB1).
The complementizer that can sometimes be omitted.
- (7.14)
-
ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
ILYR,VBD;~Tf,thought
ILYR,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,C,that
ILYR,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
ILYR,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,BED;~La,was
ILYR,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,clear
ID,53_lucy_bnc_c03
Some verbs used with the [Tf] code can be made passive, with the direct object promoted to be the subject. It is common for the promoted subject to be realised as a notional subject in co-occurrence with a provisional subject, as in (7.34).
- (7.34)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO;_provisional_,It
IP-MAT,HVP;~cat_Ve,has
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,BEN;~cat_Ve_passive_,been
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tf,stated
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,C,that
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,NP,NS,hunters
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,CONJP,NP,NS,gatherers
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,VBP;~I,work
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,NP-MNR,ADJP,ADJ,less
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,NP-MNR,ADJP,PP,P-ROLE,than
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,NP-MNR,ADJP,PP,NP,IP-REL,NP-OB1,*T*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,NP-MNR,ADJP,PP,NP,IP-REL,NP-SBJ,PRO,we
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,NP-MNR,ADJP,PP,NP,IP-REL,DOP;~Tn,do
ID,8_lucy_student_e51
A CP-THT with object function often has the complementizer (C) that omitted:
- (7.35)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,VBD,thought
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,D;_nphd_,that
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,BED,was
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,META,quite_{unclear}
ID,57_christine_t30
[Tw] is the code used to mark a monotransitive verb in clause structure with the monotransitive verb + a direct object that is a finite or non-finite clause with wh (CP-QUE-OB1).
With the [Tw] code, the direct object is a finite or non-finite clause beginning with EITHER (i) A wh-element, which can be a pronoun (who(m), whose, which, what), or a determiner + noun (which roads, what time), or an adverb (why (finite clauses only), when, where, how); OR (ii) One of the conjunctions if (finite clauses only) or whether.
- (7.36)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,VBP,know
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-1,WPRO,what
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PRO,we
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,MD;~cat_Vi,can
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,*ICH*-1
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,DO,do
ID,69_susanne_n18
- (7.37)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,VBP,wonder
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-OB1,WPRO,who
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PRO,you
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,VBD,saw
ID,683_x_textbook_kisonihongo
- (7.38)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,DOP,do
IP-MAT,NEG;_clitic_,n<apos>t
IP-MAT,VB,know
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-INF,NP-OB1,WPRO,what
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-INF,TO,to
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-INF,DO,do
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-INF,PP-RST,P-ROLE,about
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-INF,PP-RST,NP,D,this
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-INF,PP-RST,NP,N,one
ID,400_christine_t10
- (7.39)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,You
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,should
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,ADVP-MOD,ADV,also,
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Tw,say,
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,WQ,whether
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PRO,you
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,MD;~cat_Vi,would
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,HV;~cat_Ve,have
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn,made
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,ADJP,ADJ,same
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,ADJP,PP,*ICH*-162
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,N,choice
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,PP-162,P-ROLE,as
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,PP-162,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,PP-162,NP,N,character
ID,39_a_fce_0102_2000_12
Some verbs used with the [Tw] code can be made passive. (Note the construction with it.)
- (7.40)
-
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,ILYR,NP-PRD2,WPRO,What
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,ILYR,NP-SBJ,D,these
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,ILYR,NP-SBJ,NS,fragments
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,ILYR,BEP;~Ln,are
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,ADVP-MNR,WADV,how
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO,they
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,VBP;~Tn,activate
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-OB1,D,the
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-OB1,N,go
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-OB1,N;@3,order
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,may
IP-MAT,NEG,not
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,BE;~cat_Ve_passive_,be
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*,
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tw,revealed
ID,98_susanne_g03
- (7.41)
-
ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO;_provisional_,it
ILYR,BEP;~cat_Ve_passive_,is
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NEG,not
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tw,known
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,WQ,whether
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,D;_nphd_,any
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,ADJP,ADJR,more
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,MD;~cat_Vi,will
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,BE;~cat_Ve_passive_,be
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn,excavated
ID,93_lucy_bnc_b05
[Tt] is the code used to mark a monotransitive verb in clause structure with the monotransitive verb + a direct object that is a non-finite clause (to-infinitive) (IP-INF-OB1).
- (7.42)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,must
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Tt,remember,
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,VB;~Tn.p,take
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,NP-OB1,D,that
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,NP-OB1,N,film
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,ADVP-DIR,RP,out
ID,289_christine_t29
Verbs with the [Tt] code cannot be made passive.
[Tnt] is the code used to mark a monotransitive verb in clause structure with the monotransitive verb + a derived object that is a noun phrase (NP-DOB1) + a direct object that is a to-infinitive clause (IP-INF-OB1). The derived object noun phrase is the subject of the to-infinitive clause.
- (7.43)
-
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-SUB,VBP;~cat_Vg,keep
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG;~Tnt,expecting,
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-DOB1,D,some
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-DOB1,N,obstacle,
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,TO,to
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,VB;~phr_Vp,turn
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,RP,up
ID,93_lucy_bnc_b13
Some verbs with the [Tnt] code can be made passive. The derived object becomes the subject of the whole passive sentence, as in (7.44).
- (7.44)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,It
IP-MAT,BEP;~cat_Ve_passive_,is
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tnt,expected
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,BE;~Ln,be
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,NP-PRD2,D,an
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,NP-PRD2,ADJP,ADJ,excellent
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,NP-PRD2,N,production
ID,3_a_pantomime
[Tg] is the code used to mark a monotransitive verb in clause structure with the monotransitive verb + a direct object that is a present participle ({ing}) clause (IP-PPL-OB1).
- (7.45)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,VBP;~Tg,remember
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-OB1,VAG;~Ipr,listening
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-OB1,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,to
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-OB1,PP-CLR,NP,PRO,it
ID,69_lucy_bnc_b13
Verbs with the [Tg] code cannot be made passive.
[Tsg] is the code used to mark a monotransitive verb in clause structure with the monotransitive verb + a direct object that is a present participle ({ing}) clause (IP-PPL-OB1) that contains as an initial element a noun phrase with subject function or possessive function.
- (7.46)
-
IP-IMP,VB;~Tsg,Imagine
IP-IMP,IP-PPL3-OB1,ILYR,ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO,her
IP-IMP,IP-PPL3-OB1,ILYR,ILYR,VAG;~Tn.pr,dragging
IP-IMP,IP-PPL3-OB1,ILYR,ILYR,NP-OB1,D,that
IP-IMP,IP-PPL3-OB1,ILYR,ILYR,NP-OB1,ADJP,ADJ,awful
IP-IMP,IP-PPL3-OB1,ILYR,ILYR,NP-OB1,N,stink
IP-IMP,IP-PPL3-OB1,ILYR,ILYR,PP-LOC,P-ROLE,into
IP-IMP,IP-PPL3-OB1,ILYR,ILYR,PP-LOC,NP,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,my
IP-IMP,IP-PPL3-OB1,ILYR,ILYR,PP-LOC,NP,N,kitchen
ID,155_a_loosechange
- (7.47)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,they
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,could
IP-MAT,NEG;_clitic_,n<apos>t
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Tsg,imagine,
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL3-OB1,NP-SBJ,D;_nphd_,anyone
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL3-OB1,BAG;~La,being
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL3-OB1,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,friendly
ID,151_a_dick_1952
Verbs with the [Tsg] code cannot normally be made passive.
[Tng] is the code used to mark a monotransitive verb in clause structure with the monotransitive verb + a derived object that is a noun phrase (NP-DOB1) + a direct object that is a present participle ({ing}) clause (IP-PPL-OB1). The derived object noun phrase is the subject of the present participle ({ing}) clause.
- (7.48)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,We
IP-MAT,VBP;~Tng,watch
IP-MAT,NP-DOB1,D,the
IP-MAT,NP-DOB1,NPR,T
IP-MAT,NP-DOB1,NLYR,NLYR,NP,NS,boys
IP-MAT,NP-DOB1,NLYR,NLYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,NP-DOB1,NLYR,NLYR,CONJP,NP,NS,girls
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-OB1,VAG;~Tn,playing
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-OB1,NP-OB1,NLYR,NP,N,cricket
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-OB1,NP-OB1,NLYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-OB1,NP-OB1,NLYR,CONJP,NP,N,tennis
ID,11_lucy_child_09_m51
Many verbs with the [Tng] code can be made passive. The noun phrase introducing the {ing} form becomes the subject of the whole passive sentence:
- (7.49)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,The
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NS,raiders
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,can
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,BE;~cat_Ve_passive_,be
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*,
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tng,seen,
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-OB1,VAG;~Ipr,hovering
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-OB1,PP-CLR-DIR,P-ROLE,around
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-OB1,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-OB1,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,N,surface
ID,5_a_planetoid
Most verbs with the [Tng] code are ‘perception’ verbs. Of these, see, hear, feel, watch, notice, overhear and observe are also used with the [Tni] code.
[Tni] is the code used to mark a monotransitive verb in clause structure with the monotransitive verb + a derived object that is a noun phrase (NP-DOB1) + a direct object that is a bare infinitive clause (IP-INF-OB1). The derived object noun phrase is the subject of the bare infinitive clause.
- (7.50)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,She
IP-MAT,VBD;~Tni,watched
IP-MAT,NP-DOB1,D,the
IP-MAT,NP-DOB1,NS,ruins
IP-MAT,IP-INF-OB1,VB;~I,disappear
IP-MAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-LOC,P-ROLE,behind
IP-MAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-LOC,NP,PRO,them
ID,68_a_dick_1952
All the verbs used with the [Tni] code are verbs of perception. They are watch, hear, see, feel, notice, overhear and observe. All are used with the [Tng] code also.
7.6 Complex-transitive verb codes
This section introduces complex-transitive verb codes: [Cn.a], [Cn.n], [Cn.n/a], [Cn.pr], [Cn.t], [Cn.g], and [Cn.i].
[Cn.a] is the code used to mark a complex-transitive verb in clause structure with the complex-transitive verb + direct object that is a noun phrase (NP-OB1) + object predicative that is an adjective phrase (ADJP-PRD). The adjective phrase object predicative describes a feature or quality of the direct object.
- (7.51)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,VBP;~Cn.a,find
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,D;_nphd_,this
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD,ADVP,ADV,very
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD,ADJ,interesting
ID,14_a_ted_talk_11
Many verbs with the [Cn.a] code can be made passive. The direct object of an active verb becomes the subject of the same verb in the passive, as in (7.52).
- (7.52)
-
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,NP,NS,drawings
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,NP,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,NP,PP,NP,D,the
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,NP,PP,NP,N,Dreadnought
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,CONJP,NP,IP-PPL,VVN,printed
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,CONJP,NP,NS,details
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,CONJP,NP,PP,P-ROLE,about
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,CONJP,NP,PP,NP,D,the
IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,CONJP,NP,PP,NP,N,ship
IP-SUB,BED;~cat_Ve_passive_,were
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Cn.a,found
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,ADJP-PRD,ADJ,reproduced
ID,27_susanne_a20
Introductory it may also be used to anticipate a following object clause where there is an intervening obligatory clause element. In this case there is no alternative to extraposition and the verb is marked with [Cn.a] code:
- (7.53)
-
ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
ILYR,VBD;~Cn.a,found
ILYR,NP-OB1,PRO;_provisional_,it
ILYR,ADJP-PRD,ADJ,strange
ILYR,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,C,that
ILYR,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,CONJ,neither
ILYR,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,NP,PRO,I
ILYR,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,CONJP,CONJ,nor
ILYR,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,CONJP,NP,D,the
ILYR,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,NLYR,CONJP,NP,N,day
ILYR,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,VBD;~Ipr,seemed
ILYR,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,PP-CLR-MNR,P-ROLE,in
ILYR,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,PP-CLR-MNR,NP,D,a
ILYR,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,PP-CLR-MNR,NP,ADJP,ADJ,mourning
ILYR,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,PP-CLR-MNR,NP,N,mood
ID,79_a_joyce_1914
In (7.53) the -NOB1 clause is a CP-THT, and the it is PRO;_provisional_. The NOB1 clause can also be an IP-INF in which case the derived object is NP-DOB1 which then acts as a controller into the IP-INF-NOB1, as in (7.54).
- (7.54)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D;_nphd_,A_lot
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,NS,recruits
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,VBD;~Cn.a,found
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,NP-DOB1,D,the
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,NP-DOB1,NS,orders
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,NP-DOB1,N,process
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,ADJP-PRD,ADJ,hard
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,IP-INF-NOB1,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,IP-INF-NOB1,TO,to
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,IP-INF-NOB1,VB,take
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,DOD,did
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NEG;_clitic_,n<apos>t
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,VB;~Tw,understand
ID,10_lucy_bnc_c03
[Cn.n] is the code used to mark a complex-transitive verb in clause structure with the complex-transitive verb + a direct object that is a noun phrase (NP-OB1) + an object predicative that is a noun phrase (NP-PRD). The object predicative is a noun phrase which indicates the role, name, status, etc of the direct object.
- (7.55)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,VBP;~Cn.n,consider
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,NP-OB1,PRO,it
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,NP-PRD,D,the
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,NP-PRD,N,center
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,NP-PRD,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,NP-PRD,PP,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,NP-PRD,PP,NP,N,world
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,VBP;~Cn.n,make
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-OB1,PRO;_provisional_,it
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-PRD,D,a
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-PRD,N,point
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-NOB1,TO,to
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-NOB1,BE,be
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-INF-NOB1,ADVP-LOC,ADV,there
ID,53_susanne_g06
Many verbs with the [Cn.n] code can be made passive. The direct object of an active verb becomes the subject of the same verb in the passive, as in (7.56).
- (7.56)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NPR,Skorich
IP-MAT,BED;~cat_Ve_passive_,was
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Cn.n,considered
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-PRD,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-PRD,ADJP,ADJ,logical
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-PRD,N,choice
ID,10_susanne_a14
A main verb that takes an object predicative is called a complex-transitive verb. It is typical for an object predicative to immediately follow the direct object. For example, in (7.57) FIND acts as a complex-transitive with object predicative a great help to add more information about the direct object, her. Other verbs able to act as complex-transitives — and so require an object predicative — are MAKE, CONSIDER, and NAME.
- (7.57)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,They
IP-MAT,VBD;~Cn.n,found
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,PRO,her
IP-MAT,NP-PRD,D,a
IP-MAT,NP-PRD,ADJP,ADJ,great
IP-MAT,NP-PRD,N,help
ID,10_x_eng1100
In contrast to (7.57), a great belt in (7.58) is an object. This contrast illustrates how a predicative provides additional information about another entity in the clause, while an object will refer to a different entity (when not a reflexive or reciprocal pronoun).
- (7.58)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,They
IP-MAT,VBD;~Dn.n,found
IP-MAT,NP-OB2,PRO,her
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,D,a
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,ADJP,ADJ,great
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,N,belt
ID,11_x_eng1100
This contrast also shows how verbs will have different meanings when selecting either objects or predicatives: In (_7.57), FIND has the meaning ‘become aware of’; In (7.58), FIND has the meaning ‘discover something after search’.
[Cn.n/a] is the code used to mark a complex-transitive verb in clause structure with the complex-transitive verb + a direct object that is a noun phrase (NP-OB1) + an object predicative that is either: (i) a preposition phrase (PP-PRD) headed by as (tagged P-ROLE), or (ii) an adjective phrase (ADJP-PRD).
- (7.59)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NPR,Google
IP-MAT,VBP;~Cn.n/a,sees
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,D;_nphd_,that
IP-MAT,PP-PRD,P-ROLE,as
IP-MAT,PP-PRD,NP,D,a
IP-MAT,PP-PRD,NP,N,win_<hyphen>_win
ID,54_a_duplex
A passive construction is possible for all verbs with the [Cn.n/a] code except HAVE. The direct object of an active verb becomes the subject of the same verb in the passive, as in (7.60).
- (7.60)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,The
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,alliance
IP-MAT,VBD;~cat_Ve_passive_,became
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Cn.n/a,known
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-PRD,P-ROLE,as
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-PRD,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-PRD,NP,NPR,Delian
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-PRD,NP,NPR;@3,League
ID,50_a_history_of_greece
[Cn.pr] is the code used to mark a complex-transitive verb in clause structure with a complex-transitive verb + a direct object that is a noun phrase (NP-OB1) + an object predicative that is a preposition phrase (PP-PRD).
- (7.61)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,HVP;~cat_Ve,<apos>ve
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Cn.pr,left
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,NS,girls
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-PRD,P-ROLE,on
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-PRD,NP,NP-GENV,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,their
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-PRD,NP,NP-GENV,ADJP,ADJ,own
ID,24_lucy_student_e74
[Cn.t] is the code used to mark a complex-transitive verb in clause structure with a complex-transitive verb + a direct object that is a noun phrase (NP-OB1) + an object predicative that is a to-infinitive clause (IP-INF-PRD). The object predicative tells us what the object is made or helped to do or be.
- (7.62)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,VBD;~Cn.t,persuaded
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,PRO,it
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD,VB;~Ipr,get
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD,PP-CLR-DIR,P-ROLE,off
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,PRO,me
ID,11_lucy_child_09_m12
Most verbs with the [Cn.t] code can be made passive. The direct object of an active verb becomes the subject of the same verb in the passive, as in (7.63).
- (7.63)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,ADJP,ADJ;_such_,Such
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NS,receptors
IP-MAT,BEP;~cat_Ve_passive_,are
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Cn.t,thought
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-PRD,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-PRD,BE;~Ln,be
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-PRD,NP-PRD2,NS,neurons
ID,5_lucy_student_e62
[Cn.g] is the code used to mark a complex-transitive verb in clause structure with a complex-transitive verb + a direct object that is a noun phrase (NP-OB1) + an object predicative that is a participial clause ({ing} form) (IP-PPL-PRD) The object predicative tells us what the object is made to do or is kept doing.
- (7.64)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,We
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,should
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Cn.g,keep,
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,Q,every
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,N,man,
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-PRD,VAG;~I,working
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-PRD,ADVP-LOC,ADV,here
ID,138_a_dick_1952
Except for HAVE and START, verbs with the [Cn.g] code can be made passive. The direct object of an active verb becomes the subject of the same verb in the passive, as in (7.65).
- (7.65)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,The
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,unit
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,NP-SBJ,RPRO,that
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,HVD;~VP24B,had
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,NP-OB1,Q,no
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,NP-OB1,N,fault
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,NP-OB1,N;@3,tag
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,IP-PPL-PRD,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,IP-PPL-PRD,VVN,attached
IP-MAT,BED;~cat_Ve_passive_,was
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Cn.g,assumed
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-PRD2,VAG;~I,working
ID,18_lucy_student_e44
[Cn.i] is the code used to mark a complex-transitive verb in clause structure with a complex-transitive verb + a direct object that is a noun phrase (NP-OB1) + an object predicative that is a bare infinitive (IP-INF-PRD), The object predicative tells us what the object is made or allowed to do.
- (7.66)
-
IP-REL,NP-OB1,RPRO,whatever
IP-REL,NP-SBJ,PRO;_provisional_,it
IP-REL,VBP;~Tn,takes
IP-REL,IP-INF3-NSBJ,TO,to
IP-REL,IP-INF3-NSBJ,VB;~Cn.i,help,
IP-REL,IP-INF3-NSBJ,NP-OB1,PRO,you
IP-REL,IP-INF3-NSBJ,IP-INF-PRD,ILYR,ILYR,VB;~Cn.i,make,
IP-REL,IP-INF3-NSBJ,IP-INF-PRD,ILYR,ILYR,NP-OB1,NS,ends
IP-REL,IP-INF3-NSBJ,IP-INF-PRD,ILYR,ILYR,IP-INF-PRD,VB;~I,meet
IP-REL,IP-INF3-NSBJ,IP-INF-PRD,ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-REL,IP-INF3-NSBJ,IP-INF-PRD,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,VB;~Tn.pr,put
IP-REL,IP-INF3-NSBJ,IP-INF-PRD,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-OB1,N,food
IP-REL,IP-INF3-NSBJ,IP-INF-PRD,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-LOC,P-ROLE,on
IP-REL,IP-INF3-NSBJ,IP-INF-PRD,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-LOC,NP,D,the
IP-REL,IP-INF3-NSBJ,IP-INF-PRD,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-LOC,NP,N,table
ID,19_a_johnson_letter
7.7 Ditransitive verb codes
This section introduces ditransitive verb codes: [Dn.n], [Dpr.n], [Dn.f], [Dpr.f], [Dn.w], [Dpr.w], and [Dn.t].
[Dn.n] is the code used to mark a ditransitive verb in clause structure with a ditransitive verb + an indirect object that is a noun phrase (NP-OB2) + a direct object that is a noun phrase (NP-OB1).
- (7.67)
-
ILYR,NP-SBJ,NLYR,NP,N,Mummy
ILYR,NP-SBJ,NLYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
ILYR,NP-SBJ,NLYR,CONJP,NP,N,Daddy
ILYR,HVD;~cat_Ve,had
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Dn.n,given
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB2,PRO,him
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,D,a
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,N,bicycle
ID,2_lucy_child_09_m67
- (7.68)
-
NP,D,the
NP,NS,rights
NP,IP-REL,NP-OB1,*T*
NP,IP-REL,NP-SBJ,D,the
NP,IP-REL,NP-SBJ,N,Constitution
NP,IP-REL,VBD;~Dn.n,gave
NP,IP-REL,NP-OB2,D,the
NP,IP-REL,NP-OB2,NS,states
ID,45_susanne_g10
Most verbs with the [Dn.n] code can be made passive, with the indirect object becoming the subject, as in (7.69).
- (7.69)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,IP-PPL,VAG;~Tn,programming
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NS,staffs
IP-MAT,BEP;~cat_Ve_passive_,are
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Dn.n,given
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,N,responsibility
ID,2_a_ibm_1401
A case where the direct object is missing:
- (7.70)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,a
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,friend
IP-MAT,VBD;~Dn.*,asked
IP-MAT,NP-OB2,PRO,him
IP-MAT,ADVP-TMP,ADV,once
ID,75_susanne_n11
[Dpr.n] is the code used to mark a ditransitive verb in clause structure with a ditransitive verb + a direct object that is a noun phrase (NP-OB1) + an indirect object that is a preposition phrase (PP-OB2). The indirect object preposition phrase is typically placed at the end. It consists of a head word (tagged P-ROLE) that is to or for and a noun phrase.
When introduced by to, the indirect object refers to a person or people receiving something.
- (7.71)
-
ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO,she
ILYR,VBD;~Dpr.n,gave
ILYR,NP-OB1,D,a
ILYR,NP-OB1,N,dose
ILYR,NP-OB1,PP,P-ROLE,of
ILYR,NP-OB1,PP,NP,PRO,it
ILYR,PP-OB2,P-ROLE,to
ILYR,PP-OB2,NP,NPR,Peter
ID,53_a_potter_1902
When introduced by for, the indirect object refers to a person or people intended to benefit.
- (7.72)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,His
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,goal
IP-MAT,BED;~equ_Vt,was
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD2,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD2,VB;~Dpr.n,obtain
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD2,NP-OB1,D,a
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD2,NP-OB1,NLYR,ADJP,ADJ,National
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD2,NP-OB1,NLYR,N,League
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD2,NP-OB1,N,team
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD2,PP-OB2,P-ROLE,for
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD2,PP-OB2,NP,D,this
IP-MAT,IP-INF-PRD2,PP-OB2,NP,N,city
ID,37_susanne_a14
Most verbs with the [Dpr.n] code can be made passive, with the direct object of an active clause becoming the subject of a passive clause, as in (7.73).
- (7.73)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NP-GENV,D,The
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NP-GENV,NPR,Prime
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NP-GENV,NPR;@3,Minister
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NP-GENV,GENM,<apos>s
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,letter
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,will
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,BE;~cat_Ve_passive_,be
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*,
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Dpr.n,sent,
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-OB2,P-ROLE,to
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-OB2,NP,NUM,30
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-OB2,NP,N,million
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-OB2,NP,NS,households
ID,1_a_johnson_letter
The noun phrase direct object can appear after the preposition phrase indirect object, typically when it has more weight, as in (7.74).
- (7.74)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NPR,Lincoln
IP-MAT,BED;~La,was
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADVP-MOD,ADV,always
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ;_cat_,willing
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,TO,to
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,VB;~Dpr.n,concede
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,PP-OB2,P-ROLE,to
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,PP-OB2,NP,Q,each
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,PP-OB2,NP,PULQ,<ldquo>
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,PP-OB2,NP,N,slave
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,PP-OB2,NP,N;@4,state
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,PP-OB2,NP,PURQ,<rdquo>
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,NP-OB1,D,the
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,NP-OB1,N,right
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,NP-OB1,IP-INF,TO,to
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,NP-OB1,IP-INF,VB;~Tw,decide
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,NP-OB1,IP-INF,ADVP-MNR,ADV,independently
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,NP-OB1,IP-INF,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-INF,WQ,whether
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,NP-OB1,IP-INF,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-INF,TO,to
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,NP-OB1,IP-INF,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-INF,ILYR,ILYR,VB;~Tn,continue
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,NP-OB1,IP-INF,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-INF,ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,or
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,NP-OB1,IP-INF,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-INF,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,VB;~Tn,end
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,NP-OB1,IP-INF,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-INF,NP-OB1,PRO,it
ID,44_susanne_g10
[Dn.f] is the code used to mark a ditransitive verb in clause structure with a ditransitive verb + an indirect object that is a noun phrase (NP-OB2) + a direct object that is a that-clause. The indirect object refers to the person or people addressed by the subject.
- (7.75)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,Q,All
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,our
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,reasoning
IP-MAT,VBP;~Dn.f,tells
IP-MAT,NP-OB2,PRO,us
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,C,that
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,Q,no
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,N,life
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,MD;~cat_Vi,could
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~I,exist
ID,126_a_dick_1952
Some verbs with the [Dn.f] code can be made passive, with the indirect object of an active clause becoming the subject of a passive clause, as in (7.76).
- (7.76)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,BED;~cat_Ve_passive_,was
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Dn.f,told
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,C,that
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,VBD;~Tn,ran
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-OB1,NLYR,NUM,one
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-OB1,NLYR,N,hundred
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-OB1,NS,yards
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,PP-TMP,P-ROLE,in
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,PP-TMP,NP,NUM,10<dot>1
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,PP-TMP,NP,NS,seconds
ID,4_lucy_child_11_h16
[Dpr.f] is the code used to mark a ditransitive verb in clause structure with a ditransitive verb + an indirect object that is a preposition phrase (PP-OB2) headed by to (tagged P-ROLE) + a direct object that is a that-clause (CP-THT-OB1).
- (7.77)
-
ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
ILYR,VBD;~Dpr.f,said
ILYR,PP-OB2,P-ROLE,to
ILYR,PP-OB2,NP,PRO,her
ILYR,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
ILYR,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,MD;~cat_Vi,would
ILYR,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Tn,make
ILYR,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,D,the
ILYR,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,N,breakfast
ID,4_lucy_child_10_k03
[Dn.w] is the code used to mark a ditransitive verb in clause structure with a ditransitive verb + an indirect object that is a noun phrase (NP-OB2) + a direct object that is a finite or non-finite clause beginning with EITHER (i) A wh-element, which can be a pronoun (who(m), whose, which, what), or a determiner + noun (which roads, what time), or an adverb (why (finite clauses only), when, where, how); OR (ii) One of the conjunctions if (finite clauses only) or whether.
- (7.78)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,she
IP-MAT,VBD;~Dn.w,asked
IP-MAT,NP-OB2,PRO,us
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,WQ,if
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,MD;~cat_Vi,would
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Tn,tape
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,NS,conversations
ID,10_christine_t26
Some verbs used with the [Dn.w] code can be made passive, with the indirect object of an active clause becoming the subject of a passive clause, as in (7.79).
- (7.79)
-
ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO,We
ILYR,BED;~cat_Ve_passive_,were
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Dn.w,taught
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-INF,ADVP-MNR,WADV,how
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-INF,TO,to
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-INF,VB;~Tn,play
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-QUE-OB1,IP-INF,NP-OB1,N,hockey
ID,7_lucy_child_11_h16
[Dpr.w] is the code used to mark a ditransitive verb in clause structure with a ditransitive verb + an indirect object that is a preposition phrase (PP-OB2) headed by to (tagged P-ROLE) + a direct object that is a finite or non-finite wh-clause (CP-QUE-OB1). The indirect object refers to the person or people addressed by the subject.
- (7.80)
-
IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PRO,you
IP-ADV,MD;~cat_Vi,could
IP-ADV,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Dpr.r,prove,
IP-ADV,IP-INF-CAT,PP-OB2,P-ROLE,to
IP-ADV,IP-INF-CAT,PP-OB2,NP,PRO,him,
IP-ADV,IP-INF-CAT,utterance-OB1,IP-MAT,NP-PRD2,WD,what
IP-ADV,IP-INF-CAT,utterance-OB1,IP-MAT,NP-PRD2,D,a
IP-ADV,IP-INF-CAT,utterance-OB1,IP-MAT,NP-PRD2,N,louse
IP-ADV,IP-INF-CAT,utterance-OB1,IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-ADV,IP-INF-CAT,utterance-OB1,IP-MAT,ADVP-MOD,ADV,really
IP-ADV,IP-INF-CAT,utterance-OB1,IP-MAT,BEP;~Ln,am
ID,84_susanne_n18
[Dn.t] is the code used to mark a ditransitive verb in clause structure with a ditransitive verb + an indirect object that is a noun phrase (NP-OB2) + a direct object that is a to-infinitive clause (IP-INF-OB1).
- (7.81)
-
IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-ADV,VBD;~Dn.t,told
IP-ADV,NP-OB2,PRO,it
IP-ADV,IP-INF-OB1,TO,to
IP-ADV,IP-INF-OB1,VB;~I,sit
ID,7_lucy_child_09_m12
Some verbs with the [Dn.t] code can be made passive, with the indirect object of an active clause becoming the subject of a passive clause, as in (7.82).
- (7.82)
-
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,You
IP-MAT,HVP;~cat_Ve,have
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,BEN;~cat_Ve_passive_,been
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Dn.t,commissioned
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LGS,P-ROLE,by
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LGS,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LGS,NP,NPR,Resistance
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,VB;~Tn.pr,steal
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,NP-OB1,D,these
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,NP-OB1,NS,pods
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-CLR-DIR,P-ROLE,from
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,NP-GENV,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,NP-GENV,NPR,Empire
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,NP-GENV,GENM,<apos>s
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,N,storage
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,NS,panels
ID,4_a_thrust