Chapter 6 Catenative verbs and passive voice

6.1 Introduction

A clause might contain a sequence of verbs. This chapter is concerned with verbs of a verb sequence that are prior to the last verb. These prior verbs are called CATENATIVE VERBS. The last verb of a verb sequence, called the MAIN VERB, is the focus of chapter 7.

With annotation, a catenative verb occurs at a level of clause structure alongside a clause layer with the -CAT extension that essentially acts as a clasue internal layer. This clause internal layer is the selected complement of the catenative verb.

Full tags for -CAT layers are listed in Table 6.56. The full tag for a -CAT layer is determined by the form of the directly contained verb.

Table 6.56: Tags for marking a layer selected as the complement of a catenative verb

`IP-INF-CAT`	layer with infinitive verb introduced by a catenative verb
`IP-PPL-CAT`	layer with participle verb introduced by a catenative verb

The annotation marks each catenative verb with a catenative verb code, and sections 6.2 to 6.8 will provide examples to illustrate all of the possible codes. Codes differ because they indicate the form of the -CAT marked complement following Table 6.57.

Table 6.57: Lower case letters e, g, t, and i

t	non-finite clause (to-infinitive) (`IP-INF-CAT` with to tagged `TO` and verb tagged `VB`)
i	non-finite clause (bare infinitive) (`IP-INF-CAT` with verb tagged `VB` but no `TO` tagged word)
e	participial clause ({ed}/{en} form) (`IP-PPL-CAT` with verb tagged `VVN`)
g	participial clause ({ing} form) (`IP-PPL-CAT` with verb tagged `VAG`)

A complete verb code is reached when cat_V is followed by a lower case letter from Table 6.57. There are also codes with an added lowercase ‘p’ to indicate the presence of an adverb particle selected by the verb in addition to the -CAT marked complement. The list of catenative codes is as follows:

[cat_Vt] (section 6.2)
[cat_Vp.t] (section 6.3)
[cat_Vi] (section 6.4)
[cat_Ve_passive_] (section 6.5)
[cat_Ve] (section 6.6)
[cat_Vg] (section 6.7)
[cat_Vp.g] (section 6.8)
[cat_Vg_passive_] (section 6.10.2)

Coordination with the complements of catenative verbs is discussed in section 6.9.

Passive voice is discussed in section 6.10. Passive voice is most easily recognised when arising with an instance of BE that is a catenative [cat_Ve] verb, or some other catenative [cat_Ve] verb that is not HAVE, such as GET.

Finally, section 6.11 introduces some specialised verb codes from Hornby (1975) that select passive complements.

6.2 [cat_Vt]

[cat_Vt] is the code to mark a catenative verb with an IP-INF-CAT complement that directly contains an infinitive verb with to.

(6.1): ILYR,NP-SBJ,D;_nphd_,This
ILYR,MD;~cat_Vi,may
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~cat_Vt,appear,
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,TO,to
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,BE;~cat_Vg,be
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG;~Tn,missing
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,D,the
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,N,point
ID,6_lucy_student_e12

(6.2): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,A
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,drawing
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,N,structure
IP-MAT,BEP;~cat_Vt,is
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,BE;~cat_Ve_passive_,be
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn,found
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LOC,P-ROLE,in
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LOC,NP,N,reference
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LOC,NP,NUM,6
ID,41_susanne_j04

(6.3): IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PRO;_expletive_,it
IP-SUB,BED;~cat_Vg,was
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG;~cat_Vt,going
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,TO,to
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,BE;~Ln,be
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-PRD2,D,a
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-PRD2,ADJP,ADVP,ADV,very
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-PRD2,ADJP,ADJ,special
IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-PRD2,N,day
ID,31_a_fce_0100_2001_06

(6.4): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,we
IP-MAT,BEP;~cat_Vg,<apos>re
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG;~cat_Vt,gon
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,TO,na
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,HV;~cat_Vt,have
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Tn,share
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,PRO,them
ID,267_christine_t09

6.3 [cat_Vp.t]

[cat_Vp.t] is the code to mark a catenative phrasal verb with particle and an IP-INF-CAT complement that directly contains an infinitive verb with to. In (6.5), turned has out as its required particle to form a phrasal verb with to be excellent as the IP-INF-CAT complement.

(6.5): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,The
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,arrangement
IP-MAT,VBD;~cat_Vp.t,turned
IP-MAT,RP,out
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,BE;~La,be
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,excellent
ID,9_susanne_n18

6.4 [cat_Vi]

[cat_Vi] is the code to mark a catenative verb with an IP-INF-CAT complement that directly contains a bare infinitive verb.

(6.6): IP-MAT,DOP,do
IP-MAT,NEG;_clitic_,n<apos>t
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,you
IP-MAT,VB;~cat_Vi,dare
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB,talk
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,to
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,PRO,me
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-MNR,P-ROLE,like
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-MNR,NP,D;_nphd_,that
ID,523_christine_t06

6.5 [cat_Ve_passive_]

[cat_Ve_passive_] is the code to mark a catenative verb with an IP-PPL-CAT complement that directly contains a passive past participle ({ed}/{en}) verb form. Example (6.7) illustrates the [cat_Ve_passive_] verb appeared with selection of an IP-PPL-CAT complement with past participle struck as a passive verb.

(6.7): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NLYR,NP,NS,engages
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NLYR,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NLYR,CONJP,NP,NS,cooks
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NLYR,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NLYR,CONJP,NP,NS,voyageurs
IP-MAT,VBD;~cat_Ve_passive_,appeared
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Cn.a,struck
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ADJP-PRD,ADJ,dumb
ID,15_susanne_n04

Example (6.8) illustrates the [cat_Ve_passive_] verb grown with selection of an IP-PPL-CAT complement with past participle accustomed as a passive verb.

(6.8): NP,NS,eyes
NP,IP-REL,NP-SBJ,RPRO,that
NP,IP-REL,HVD;~cat_Ve,had
NP,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~cat_Ve_passive_,grown
NP,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
NP,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn.pr,accustomed
NP,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,to
NP,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,D,the
NP,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,N,absence
NP,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,PP,P-ROLE,of
NP,IP-REL,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,PP,NP,N,light
ID,108_susanne_n02

The [cat_Ve_passive_] verbs appeared of (6.7) and grown of (6.8) bring about a passive interpretation for the past participle ({ed}/{en}) verb of their -CAT complement. Most typically, it is [cat_Ve_passive_] BE that is used to create the environment for a passive -CAT complement to occur, discussed in section 6.10 below. Also, [cat_Ve_passive_] GET is another notable trigger for a passive.

6.6 [cat_Ve] (Perfect construction)

Catenative [cat_Ve] HAVE is used to form the perfect construction. The perfect tense is formed by:

turning the verb into its past participle inflection
adding a form of the verb HAVE before it

This places multiple verbs in sequence, giving an IP-PPL-CAT layer in the annotation, as seen in (6.9).

(6.9): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,Mr<dot>
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NPR,Yamada
IP-MAT,HVP;~cat_Ve,has
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Ipr,gone
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR-DIR,P-ROLE,to
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,NPR,Tokyo
ID,1366_x_textbook_kisonihongo

The perfect form of a verb generally calls attention to the consequences of a prior event; for example, (6.9) implies that Mr. Yamada is still away, in contrast with (6.10).

(6.10): Mr. Yamada went to Tokyo

6.7 [cat_Vg]

[cat_Vg] is the code to mark a catenative verb with an IP-PPL-CAT complement that directly contains a present participial ({ing}) verb form.

(6.11): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,He
IP-MAT,VBD;~cat_Vg,kept
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG;~I,going
ID,52_susanne_n03

6.7.1 Progressive construction

The progressive (also known as the ‘continuous’) form of a verb generally describes events in progress. It is formed by combining a verb's present participle ({ing}) verb form (e.g., watching) with an instance of BE that is a catenative [cat_Vg] verb, e.g., was watching in (6.12).

(6.12): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,BED;~cat_Vg,was
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG,watching
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,NS,fire_<hyphen>_engines
ID,391_christine_t40

The progressive construction can be introduced by the perfect construction (see section 6.6), as with been watching in (6.13).

(6.13): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{BILL},NPR,Bill
IP-MAT,HVP;~cat_Ve,has
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,BEN;~cat_Vg,been
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG,watching
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,ADJP,ADJ,little
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,NPR,Alice
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,ADVP-MOD,ADV,ever
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,P-CONN,since
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ;{MARY},NPR,Mary
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-ADV,VBD,left
ID,448_x_blue_book

The progressive construction can be used to introduce the passive construction (see section 6.10), as with is getting in (6.14).

(6.14): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NPR,Britain
IP-MAT,BEP;~cat_Vg,is
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG;~cat_Ve_passive_,getting
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN,left
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ADVP-LOC,ADV,behind
ID,43_lucy_bnc_b41

The progressive construction can be introduced by the perfect construction and introduce the passive construction, as with been being in (6.15).

(6.15): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,He
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,might
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,HV;~cat_Ve,have
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,BEN;~cat_Vg,been
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,BAG;~cat_Ve_passive_,being
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn,questioned
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LGS,P-ROLE,by
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LGS,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LGS,NP,NS,police
ID,173_x_buffalo

6.8 [cat_Vp.g]

[cat_Vp.g] is the code to mark a catenative phrasal verb with required particle and an IP-PPL-CAT complement that directly contains a present participial ({ing}) verb form. In (6.16), keep has on as its required particle to form a phrasal verb with drinking as the IP-PPL-CAT complement.

(6.16): PP-SCON-CNT-CND,P-CONN,if
PP-SCON-CNT-CND,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PRO,you
PP-SCON-CNT-CND,IP-ADV,VBP;~cat_Vp.g,keep
PP-SCON-CNT-CND,IP-ADV,RP,on
PP-SCON-CNT-CND,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG,drinking
ID,370_christine_t26

6.9 Coordination with the complements of catenative verbs

In addition to matching catenative verb code commitments, having -CAT layers provides the structural isolation needed for coordination, which is possible when there are clause internal layers. For example, there are multiple -CAT layers in (6.17), with coordination occurring with the higher layer.

(6.17): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NS,Phones
IP-MAT,BED;~cat_Vg,were
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ILYR,ILYR,BAG;~cat_Ve_passive_,being
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ILYR,ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ILYR,ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn,tapped
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,VAG;~Ipr,going
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,out_of
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-CLR,NP,N,action
ID,54_a_lob_a02

6.10 Passive voice

Table 6.58: Tags for marking a logical subject

`NP-LGS`	logical subject noun phrase
`PP-LGS`	logical subject preposition phrase

The ACTIVE VOICE is the basic, unmarked form of the clause.

The PASSIVE VOICE is the more marked form of the clause in which the -SBJ corresponds in meaning to an -OB1 or -OB2 (or very occasionally a -PRD) of a corresponding active clause.

Sentence (6.18) is the passive of Her boyfriend gave her a new outfit. A passive is recognisable from:

the past participle form gave
a normal object (her) turned into the subject (She)
the normal subject (her boyfriend) turned into an optional preposition phrase with by
the catenative [cat_Ve] verb BE, or some other catenative [cat_Ve] verb, such as GET.

(6.18): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,She
IP-MAT,BED;~cat_Ve_passive_,was
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Dn.n,given
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,D,a
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,ADJP,ADJ,new
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,N,outfit
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LGS,P-ROLE,by
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LGS,NP,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,her
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LGS,NP,N,boyfriend
ID,39_x_eng1100

(6.19): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,She
IP-MAT,HVP;~cat_Ve,has
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Dpr.n,given
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,D,a
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,ADJP,ADJ,new
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,N,outfit
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-OB2,P-ROLE,to
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-OB2,NP,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,her
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-OB2,NP,N,boyfriend
ID,38_x_eng1100

GET can be used in place of BE as a [cat_Ve] verb to form passives.

(6.20): ILYR,NP-SBJ,NPR,ARX
ILYR,VBD;~cat_Ve_passive_,got
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn,cancelled
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-TMP,D,the
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-TMP,ADJP,ADJ,next
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-TMP,N,day
ID,74_a_paulfellows

6.10.1 Passives with adverbial clauses

(6.21): IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,VVN;~Tn,Seated
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,PP-LOC,P-ROLE,beside
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,PP-LOC,NP,NPR,Alastair
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,VVN;~Tn,lulled
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,PP-LGS,P-ROLE,by
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,PP-LGS,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,PP-LGS,NP,ADJP,ADJ,uncanny
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,PP-LGS,NP,N,silence
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,PP-LGS,NP,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,PP-LGS,NP,PP,NP,ADJP,ADJ,supersonic
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,PP-LGS,NP,PP,NP,N,flight
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NPR,Geoffrey
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,could
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Cn.pr,imagine
ID,17_a_lob_n01

6.10.2 [cat_Vg_passive_] Concealed passives

After NEED and WANT with [cat_Vg_passive_] code the IP-PPL-CAT complement with {ing} participle has a passive meaning.

(6.22): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,His
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NS,wounds
IP-MAT,VBP;~cat_Vg_passive_,need
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG;~Tn,dressing
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ADVP-TMP,ADV,now
ID,7_susanne_n13

(6.23): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,he
IP-MAT,VBP;~cat_Vg_passive_,wants
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG;~Tn,loving
ID,421_christine_t29

(6.24): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,you
IP-MAT,VBP;~cat_Vg_passive_,want
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG;~Ipr,looking
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR-DIR,P-ROLE,at
ID,64_christine_t14

6.10.3 Other cases with -LGS

In (6.25) -NSBJ occurs in a clause together with a derived subject, marked -SBJ and so not distinguished independently of the construction, in a construction that is also mentioned in section 9.9.

(6.25): ILYR,NP-SBJ,D,The
ILYR,NP-SBJ,N,breaststroke
ILYR,BEP;~La,is
ILYR,ADJP-PRD2,ADVP,ADV,very
ILYR,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,hard
ILYR,IP-INF-NSBJ,NP-LGS,*
ILYR,IP-INF-NSBJ,TO,to
ILYR,IP-INF-NSBJ,VB;~Tn.pr,explain
ILYR,IP-INF-NSBJ,PP-MNR,P-ROLE,in
ILYR,IP-INF-NSBJ,PP-MNR,NP,NS,words
ID,3_lucy_child_09_m14

6.10.4 Adjectival passives

(6.26): ILYR,ILYR,NP-SBJ,ADJP,ADJR,more
ILYR,ILYR,NP-SBJ,PP,P-ROLE,of
ILYR,ILYR,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,D,the
ILYR,ILYR,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,N,therapy
ILYR,ILYR,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,N;@3,group
ILYR,ILYR,BED;~La,were
ILYR,ILYR,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,married
ILYR,PUNC,<comma>
ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-SBJ,ADJP,ADJ,married
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-SBJ,NS,people
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-SBJ,PP,P-ROLE,with
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,N,cancer
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,BEP;~cat_Ve_passive_,are
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Cn.t,known
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,TO,to
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,VB;~I,survive
ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-OB1,ADVP-TMP,ADVR,longer
ID,69_lucy_bnc_b05

(6.27): ILYR,NP-TMP,D,the
ILYR,NP-TMP,NUM,next
ILYR,NP-TMP,N,day
ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO,they
ILYR,BED;~cat_Ve_passive_,were
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn,married
ID,12_lucy_child_09_m72

6.11 VP24 codes

VP24 codes from Hornby (1975) mark main verbs that are followed by a noun phrase + an IP-PPL-PRD that directly contains a past participle ({ed}/{en}) verb form. VP24 codes are subdivided, as a specific use of GET and all instances of HAVE need separate treatment.

6.11.1 [VP24A]

[VP24A] is the code when the verb is not GET with the [VP24C] meaning or HAVE.

(6.28): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,we
IP-MAT,VBD;~VP24A,found
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,NPR,Eliza
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-PRD,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-PRD,VVN;~Tn,seated
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-PRD,PP-LOC,P-ROLE,in
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-PRD,PP-LOC,NP,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,his
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-PRD,PP-LOC,NP,N,arm_<hyphen>_chair
ID,111_a_joyce_1914

(6.29): ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
ILYR,HVP;~cat_Ve,have
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~VP24A,seen
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,Q;_nphd_,both
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,NLYR,D;_nphd_,these
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-PRD,NP-LGS,*
ILYR,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-PRD,VVN;~Tn,played
ID,11_lucy_child_12_f15

(6.30): IP-MAT,HVP;~cat_Ve,has
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~VP24A,made
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,PRO;_provisional_,it
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-PRD,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-PRD,VVN;~Tn,known
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PRO,he
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,BEP;~cat_Ve_passive_,is
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn.pr,concerned
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,about
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,CP-THT-NOB1,IP-SUB,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,N,case
ID,45_lucy_bnc_b05

6.11.2 [VP24B]

[VP24B] is the code when the main verb is HAVE used to indicate what the subject of the sentence experiences, undergoes, or suffers, as in (6.31). [VP24B] also marks HAVE used to indicate what is held or possessed, as in (6.32).

(6.31): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,They
IP-MAT,ADVP-TMP,ADV,always
IP-MAT,VBP;~Tt,need
IP-MAT,IP-INF-OB1,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-INF-OB1,HV;~VP24B,have
IP-MAT,IP-INF-OB1,NP-OB1,NS,things
IP-MAT,IP-INF-OB1,IP-PPL-PRD,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-INF-OB1,IP-PPL-PRD,VVN;~Tn,explained
ID,17_a_saint_exupery_1943

(6.32): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,HVP;~cat_Ve,have
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ADVP-MOD,ADV,just
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,HVN;~VP24B,had
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,D,a
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,ADJP,ADJ,new
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,N,bicycle
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-PRD,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-PRD,VVN;~Tn,bought
ID,9_lucy_child_12_f31

6.11.3 [VP24C]

[VP24C] is the code when the main verb is HAVE or GET meaning ‘cause to be’.

(6.33): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,We
IP-MAT,HVD;~VP24C,had
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,D,the
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,N,place
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-PRD,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-PRD,VVN,crammed
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-PRD,ADVP-MNR,ADV,full
ID,63_a_ted_talk_11

(6.34): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,she
IP-MAT,HVP;~cat_Ve,<apos>s
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~VP24C,got
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,her
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-OB1,N,hair
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-PRD,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-PRD,VVN;~Tn,cut
ID,131_christine_t14

6.12 Catenative adjectives

For example near and ready in 58_susanne_a01. Also, there is clear in (6.35).

(6.35): IP-ADV,PP-TMP,P-ROLE,in
IP-ADV,PP-TMP,NP,N,time
IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,their
IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,ADJP,ADJ,comparative
IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,N,lack
IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,N,progress
IP-ADV,MD;~cat_Vi,will
IP-ADV,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~La,become
IP-ADV,IP-INF-CAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ;_cat_,clear
IP-ADV,IP-INF-CAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,P-CONN,for
IP-ADV,IP-INF-CAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,NP-LGS,Q;_nphd_,all
IP-ADV,IP-INF-CAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,TO,to
IP-ADV,IP-INF-CAT,ADJP-PRD2,IP-INF,VB,see
ID,28_susanne_j22