Chapter 5

Clause-within-clause subordination

5.1    Introduction

The hierarchy of layers from chapter 1 starts with a matrix clause as the highest layer with phrases subsequently reached. The picture of internal clause structure was fleshed out further in chapter 4 to include clause internal layers (ILYR) with coordination. The hierarchy from chapter 1 also allows two types of clause subordination:

• clause-within-phrase
• clause-within-clause

    Clause-within-phrase possibilities were seen in chapter 3 with discussions of modifiers and complements inside phrases. This chapter details clause-within-clause options. In chapter 4, clause elements were realised by (noun) phrases with subject, object, predicative, and adverbial roles. Now we will see how such elements can also be clauses themselves. The discussion will group subordinate clauses by the node labels of their maximal constituent:

• IP-INF (section 5.2)
• IP-PPL (section 5.3)
• CP-THT (section 5.4)
• CP-QUE (section 5.5)
• PP-SCON (section 5.6)

    With the exception of CP-QUE (seen in section 4.2.2), the other tags are used to label clauses that are incapable of standing alone as the main clause of a sentence. When a subordinate clause is all the content of an utterance, then it is the only element of a FRAG layer.

5.2    IP-INF (infinitive clause)

Infinitive clauses are clauses that contain a verb in the infinitive form without a finite element like an operator DO or modal verb at the same clause layer (as seen with matrix clauses in section 4.2.1). Infinitive clauses have a maximal constituent with the tag of Table 5.46.

There are two kinds of infinitive clause:

• those that contain the infinitive marker to (tagged TO), typically as the clause initial word
• those that lack the infinitive marker to, called bare infinitive clauses

When occurring directly within a clause, the syntactic tag IP-INF needs a function extension. Possibilities are listed in Table 5.47.

    Infinitive clauses with the infinitive marker to can have subject function, as in (5.1).

(5.1)

(IP-MAT 
  (IP-INF-SBJ (TO To) (DO do) 
    (ADVP-CLR (ADV so))) 
  (MD;~cat_Vi would) 
  (IP-INF-CAT (VB;~Cn.a make) 
    (NP-OB1 
      (NP-GENV (PRO;_genm_ his)) 
      (N job)) 
    (ADJP-PRD 
      (ADVP (ADV well<hyphen>nigh)) 
      (ADJ impossible)))) 

It is typical for an infinitive clause with subject function to occur as an extraposed notional subject (-NSBJ). A notional subject occurs in combination with: (i) a provisional subject noun phrase comprised of it, tagged PRO;_provisional_, as in (5.2); or (ii) a derived subject marked -SBJ and so not distinguished independently of the construction, as in (5.3).

(5.2)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO;_provisional_ it)) 
  (BEP;~La <apos>s) 
  (ADJP-PRD2 
    (ADVP (ADV quite)) 
    (ADJ comfy)) 
  (IP-INF-NSBJ (TO to) (VB;~Ipr lay) 
    (PP-CLR-LOC (P-ROLE on) 
      (NP (PRO it))))) 

(5.3)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (D;_nphd_ This)) 
  (VBP;~cat_Vt seems) 
  (PP-NIM-RST (P-ROLE to) 
    (NP (PRO me))) 
  (IP-INF-CAT (TO to) (BE;~Ln be) 
    (NP-PRD2 (D the) (N difference)))) 

    In addition to subject function, infinitive clauses with the infinitive marker to can have:

• catenative complement function (IP-INF-CAT); see codes [cat_Vt] (section 6.2), [cat_Vp.t] (section 6.3), and [ex_cat_Vt] (section 8.2.5)
• direct object function (IP-INF-OB1); see codes [Tt] (section 7.5.6), [Tnt] (section 7.5.7), and [Dn.t] (section 7.7.7)
• object predicative function (IP-INF-PRD); see code [Cn.t] (section 7.6.5)
• subject predicative function (IP-INF-PRD2); see code [equ_Vt] (section 8.3.1)

    Bare infinitive clauses can have:

• catenative complement function (IP-INF-CAT); see code [cat_Vi] (section 6.4)
• direct object function (IP-INF-OB1); see code [Tni] (section 7.5.11)
• object predicative function (IP-INF-PRD); see code [Cn.i] (section 7.6.7)
• subject predicative function (IP-INF-PRD2); see code [equ_Vi] (section 8.3.2)

5.3    IP-PPL (participial clause)

Participial clauses have a maximal constituent with the tag of Table 5.48.

There are two kinds of participial clause:

• those that contain a past participle ({ed}/{en}) verb form
• those that contain a present participial ({ing}) verb form

When occurring directly within a clause, the syntactic tag IP-PPL needs a function extension. Possibilities are listed in Table 5.49.

    Participial clauses with a present participial ({ing}) verb can have subject function, as in (5.4).

(5.4)

(ILYR 
  (IP-PPL-SBJ (VAG;~Tn Shooting) 
    (NP-OB1;{REACTOR} (D the) (N reactor))) 
  (MD;~cat_Vi will) 
  (IP-INF-CAT (VB;~Tn damage) 
    (NP-OB1;{REACTOR} (PRO it)))) 

A participial clause with a present participial ({ing}) verb can also occur as an extraposed notional subject (-NSBJ) in combination with a provisional subject it, as in (5.5).

(5.5)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO;_provisional_ It)) 
  (DOP does) 
  (NEG;_clitic_ n<apos>t) 
  (VB;~La seem) 
  (ADJP-PRD2 
    (ADVP (ADV quite)) 
    (ADJ right)) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (IP-PPL-NSBJ (VAG;~Dn.n telling) 
    (NP-OB2 (PRO her)) 
    (NP-OB1 (D a) (N thing) 
      (PP (P-ROLE like) 
        (NP (D;_nphd_ that)))))) 

    In addition to subject function, participial clauses with a present participial ({ing}) verb can have:

• catenative complement function (IP-PPL-CAT); see codes [cat_Vg] (section 6.7), [cat_Vp.g] (section 6.8), and [ex_cat_Vg] (section 8.2.7)
• direct object function (IP-PPL-OB1); see codes [Tg] (section 7.5.8), [Tsg] (section 7.5.9), and [Tng] (section 7.5.10)
• object predicative function (IP-PPL-PRD); see code [Cn.g] (section 7.6.6)
• subject predicative function (IP-PPL-PRD2); see code [equ_Vg] (section 8.3.3)

    Participial clauses with a {ed}/{en} verb form can have:

• catenative complement function (IP-PPL-CAT); see codes [cat_Ve] (section 6.6) and [ex_cat_Ve] (section 8.2.6)
• object predicative function (IP-PPL-PRD); see codes [VP24A, VP24B, VP24C] (section 6.11)

5.4    CP-THT (that clause)

A that-clause is an embedded clause with a finite verb. This may have the complementizer that (tagged C) as the clause initial word. A that clause has a maximal constituent with the tag of Table 5.50 and, when structurally complete, contains as the only element a finite clause layer (IP-SUB) which in turn contains all the clause content, including any clause initial complementizer. If there is any conjunction then this happens inside the IP-SUB layer with ILYR (clause internal layer) projections.

When occurring directly within a clause, the syntactic tag CP-THT needs a function extension. Possibilities are listed in Table 5.51.

    That-clauses can have subject function, as in (5.6).

(5.6)

(ILYR 
  (CP-THT-SBJ 
    (IP-SUB (C That) 
      (NP-SBJ (PRO she)) 
      (VBD;~Tn impressed) 
      (NP-OB1 (PRO me)) 
      (ADVP-NIM-TMP (ADV instantly)))) 
  (BED;~La was) 
  (ADJP-PRD2 (ADJ obvious))) 

It is typical for a that-clause with subject function to occur as an extraposed notional subject (-NSBJ) in combination with a provisional subject it, as in (5.7).

(5.7)

(ILYR 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO;_provisional_ It)) 
  (BEP;~La is) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (ADVP-NIM-CNT (ADV however)) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (ADJP-PRD2 
    (ADVP (ADV quite)) 
    (ADJ obvious)) 
  (CP-THT-NSBJ 
    (IP-SUB (C that) 
      (NP-SBJ (D;_nphd_ these)) 
      (BEP;~Ln are) 
      (NP-PRD2 
        (NLYR 
          (NLYR 
            (NLYR (N bulk)) 
            (CONJP (CONJ and) 
              (NLYR 
                (ADJP (ADJ impersonal)))))) 
        (NS e_<hyphen>_mails))))) 

    In addition to subject function, that-clauses can have:

• direct object function (CP-THT-OB1); see codes [Tf] (section 7.5.4), [Dn.f] (section 7.7.3), and [Dpr.f] (section 7.7.4)
• subject predicative function (CP-THT-PRD2); see code [equ_Vf] (section 8.3.4)

5.5    CP-QUE (indirect question)

Tags for indirect question with function extensions are given in Table 5.52.

    Embedded question clauses can have subject function, as in (5.8) and (5.9).

(5.8)

(IP-MAT 
  (CP-QUE-SBJ 
    (IP-SUB 
      (ADVP-NIM-MNR 
        (AVLYR 
          (AVLYR (WADV How)) 
          (CONJP (CONJ and) 
            (AVLYR (WADV why))))) 
      (NP-SBJ (D this) (N process)) 
      (VBP;~I occurs))) 
  (MD;~cat_Vi would) 
  (IP-INF-CAT (VB;~Tn provide) 
    (NP-OB1 (D an) 
      (ADJP (ADJ interesting)) 
      (ADJP (ADJ separate)) 
      (N subject)))) 

(5.9)

(ILYR 
  (CP-QUE-SBJ 
    (IP-SUB (WQ Whether) 
      (NP-SBJ (D;_nphd_ this)) 
      (MD;~cat_Vi will) 
      (IP-INF-CAT 
        (ADVP-NIM-TMP (ADV ever)) 
        (VB;~I happen)))) 
  (VBP;~cat_Vt remains) 
  (IP-INF-CAT (TO to) (BE;~cat_Ve_passive_ be) 
    (IP-PPL-CAT (NP-LGS *) (VVN;~Tw seen)))) 

An indirect question with subject function will often occur as an extraposed notional subject (-NSBJ) in combination with a provisional subject it, as in (5.10) and (5.11).

(5.10)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO;_provisional_ It)) 
  (BEP;~La is) 
  (NEG not) 
  (ADVP-NIM-TMP (ADV always)) 
  (ADJP-PRD2 (ADJ clear)) 
  (CP-QUE-NSBJ 
    (IP-SUB 
      (ILYR 
        (ILYR 
          (NP-PRD2 (WPRO what)) 
          (NP-SBJ (D the) 
            (ADJP (ADJ public)) 
            (N interest)) 
          (BEP;~Ln is)) 
        (CONJP (CONJ or) 
          (ILYR 
            (NP-SBJ (WPRO what)) 
            (VBP serves) 
            (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))))) 

(5.11)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO;_provisional_ It)) 
  (BED;~La was) 
  (ADJP-PRD2 (ADJ horrifying)) 
  (CP-QUE-NSBJ 
    (IP-SUB 
      (ADVP-NIM-TMP (WADV when)) 
      (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) 
      (VBD;~Tf realised) 
      (CP-THT-OB1 
        (IP-SUB 
          (NP-SBJ (Q;_nphd_ everyone)) 
          (MD;~cat_Vi could) 
          (IP-INF-CAT (VB;~I see))))))) 

    In addition to subject function, embedded question clauses can have:

• direct object function (CP-QUE-OB1); see codes [Tw] (section 7.5.5), [Dn.w] (section 7.7.5), and [Dpr.w] (section 7.7.6)
• subject predicative function (CP-QUE-PRD2); see code [equ_Vw] (section 8.3.5)

5.6    PP-SCON (subordinate component of subordinate conjunction)

This section considers clauses that are the subordinate component of subordinate conjunctions. These clauses can differ with regards to:

• the type of subordinate clause, that is, either IP-INF (sections 5.6.1 and 5.6.2), IP-PPL (sections 5.6.3 and 5.6.4), or IP-ADV (sections 5.6.5 and 5.6.6)
• whether an explicit coordinating conjunction word is present (e.g., before, in_order, when; tagged P-CONN) (sections 5.6.1, 5.6.3, and 5.6.5) or not (sections 5.6.2, 5.6.4, and 5.6.6)
• the adverbial function of the subordinate conjunction (see Table 5.54 below)

The annotation of the subordinate component always provides a maximal constituent layer with the tag of Table 5.53, which is headed by a coordinating conjunction word when present.

In addition, the syntactic tag PP-SCON needs a function extension. Possibilities are listed in Table 5.54.

Note that the extension possibilities of Table 5.54 overlap with Table 4.44 of chapter 4.

5.6.1    IP-INF introduced by subordinating conjunction word

This section gives examples of infinitive clauses that occur with an explicit coordinating conjunction word to introduce them.

• contingency adverbial:

(5.12)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (D;_nphd_ This)) 
  (VBD;~Ipr pointed) 
  (PP-CLR-DIR (P-ROLE to) 
    (NP (D the) (N need) 
      (PP (P-ROLE for) 
        (NP (NS gears))))) 
  (PP-SCON-CNT (P-CONN in_order) 
    (IP-INF (P-CONN for) 
      (NP-SBJ (D the) (N output) 
        (PP (P-ROLE of) 
          (NP (D the) (N engine)))) 
      (TO to) 
      (BE;~cat_Ve_passive_ be) 
      (IP-PPL-CAT (NP-LGS *) (VVN;~Tn used) 
        (ADVP-NIM-MNR 
          (ADVP (ADVR more)) 
          (ADV efficiently)))))) 

• manner/degree adverbial:

(5.13)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ;{LAYLOR} (PRO She)) 
  (VBD;~phr_Vn<=>p screwed) 
  (RP up) 
  (NP-OB1 
    (NP-GENV;{LAYLOR} (PRO;_genm_ her)) 
    (N face)) 
  (PP-SCON-MNR (P-CONN as_if) 
    (IP-INF (TO to) (VB;~Tr say) 
      (utterance-OB1 
        (FRAG 
          (ADVP (ADV nowhere))))))) 

• modality adverbial:

(5.14)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ 
    (ADJP (ADJ Talented)) 
    (NS people)) 
  (MD;~cat_Vi could) 
  (NEG not) 
  (IP-INF-CAT (VB;~Tn advance) 
    (NP-OB1 
      (NLYR 
        (NLYR (PNX themselves)) 
        (CONJP (CONJ and) 
          (NLYR 
            (NP-GENV (PRO;_genm_ their)) 
            (N position))))) 
    (PUNC ,) 
    (PP-SCON-MOD (P-CONN let_alone) 
      (IP-INF (VB;~Tn make) 
        (NP-OB1 (D a) 
          (ADJP (ADJ worthwhile)) 
          (N contribution)))))) 

5.6.2    IP-INF without subordinating conjunction word

This section gives examples of infinitive clauses that occur without an explicit coordinating conjunction word to introduce them.

• contingency adverbial:

(5.15)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) 
  (VBD;~Tn took) 
  (NP-OB1 (PRO me)) 
  (PP-SCON-CNT 
    (IP-INF (TO to) (VB;~Tn see) 
      (NP-OB1 (PRO them))))) 

• directional adverbial:

(5.16)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (D;_nphd_ Those) 
    (IP-REL 
      (NP-SBJ (RPRO who)) 
      (BEP;~Ln are) 
      (NP-PRD2 
        (ADJP (ADJ sexual)) 
        (NS deviants)))) 
  (BEP;~cat_Ve_passive_ are) 
  (IP-PPL-CAT (NP-LGS *) 
    (ADVP-NIM-MOD (ADV naturally)) 
    (VVN;~Tn drawn) 
    (PP-SCON-DIR 
      (IP-INF (TO to) (VB;~Tn join) 
        (NP-OB1 (D the) (NS beatniks)))))) 

• manner/degree adverbial:

(5.17)

(IP-IMP (VB Add) 
  (NP-OB1 (D the) 
    (NLYR 
      (NLYR (N broth) (NS vegetables)) 
      (PUNC ,) 
      (CONJP 
        (NLYR (NS herbs))) 
      (PUNC ,) 
      (CONJP 
        (NLYR (NS peppercorns))) 
      (CONJP (CONJ and) 
        (NLYR (N salt))))) 
  (PP-SCON-MNR 
    (IP-INF2 (TO to) (VB taste)))) 

• modality adverbial:

(5.18)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO They)) 
  (VBD thought) 
  (PP-CLR (P-ROLE of) 
    (NP (PNX themselves))) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (PP-SCON-MOD 
    (IP-INF3 (TO to) (VB;~Tn use) 
      (NP-OB1 
        (NP-GENV (NPR Jefferson) (GENM <apos>s)) 
        (NS words)))) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (PP-PRD (P-ROLE as) 
    (NP (PULQ <ldquo>) (D the) (NS Argonauts) (PURQ <rdquo>)))) 

• respect adverbial:

(5.19)

(ILYR (VAG;~I rejoicing) 
  (PP-SCON-RST 
    (IP-INF (TO to) (VB;~Tf think) 
      (CP-THT-OB1 
        (IP-SUB (C that) 
          (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) 
          (BED were) 
          (ADVP-NIM-MNR (ADV all)) 
          (ADVP-NIM-COM 
            (ADVP (ADV back)) 
            (ADV together)) 
          (ADVP-NIM-TMP (ADV again))))))) 

5.6.3    IP-PPL introduced by subordinating conjunction word

This section gives examples of participial clauses that occur with an explicit coordinating conjunction word to introduce them.

• absolute adverbial:

(5.20)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (Q;_nphd_ Most) 
    (PP (P-ROLE of) 
      (NP (PRO us)))) 
  (HVP;~cat_Ve have) 
  (IP-PPL-CAT (BEN;~cat_Vg been) 
    (IP-PPL-CAT (VAG;~I watching))) 
  (PP-SCON-ABS (P-CONN with) 
    (IP-PPL3 
      (NP-SBJ 
        (NP-GENV (PRO;_genm_ our)) 
        (NS tongues)) 
      (VAG;~Ip hanging) 
      (ADVP-CLR-DIR (RP out))))) 

• conditional:

(5.21)

(IP-IMP (VB;~Tn Scatter) 
  (ADVP-NIM-LOC (P-ROLE over)) 
  (NP-OB1 (D the) (NS peppercorns)) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (PP-SCON-CNT-CND (P-CONN if) 
    (IP-PPL2 (VAG;~Tn using)))) 

• contingency adverbial:

(5.22)

(IP-MAT 
  (PP-SCON-CNT (P-CONN As_well_as) 
    (IP-PPL2 (VAG;~Tn getting) 
      (NP-OB1 (D a) (N shilling)) 
      (PP-BNF (P-ROLE for) 
        (NP (D the) (NS cubs))))) 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) 
  (VBD;~Tn got) 
  (NP-OB1 (N sixpence))) 

• manner/degree adverbial:

(5.23)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (NPR Jones)) 
  (VBD;~I sighed) 
  (PP-SCON-MNR (P-CONN as_if) 
    (IP-PPL (NP-LGS *) (VVN;~Tn relieved)))) 

• modality adverbial:

(5.24)

(NP-OB1 (D an) (N assembly) 
  (PP (P-ROLE of) 
    (NP (N information))) 
  (IP-PPL (VAG including) 
    (NP-OB1 
      (ADJP (ADJ personal)) 
      (N information)) 
    (PP-SCON-MOD (P-CONN as) 
      (IP-PPL3 (NP-LGS *) (VVN set) (RP forth) 
        (ADVP-NIM-LOC (ADV below)))))) 

• temporal adverbial:

(5.25)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO We)) 
  (HVP;~cat_Ve <apos>ve) 
  (IP-PPL-CAT 
    (ADVP-NIM-MOD (ADV all)) 
    (HVN;~cat_Vt had) 
    (IP-INF-CAT (TO to) (VB;~Tn sacrifice) 
      (NP-OB1 (D;_nphd_ a_lot)))) 
  (PP-SCON-TMP (P-CONN while) 
    (IP-PPL2 (BAG;~Ln being) 
      (NP-PRD2 
        (ADJP (ADJ stuck)) 
        (NS indoors))))) 

5.6.4    IP-PPL without subordinating conjunction word

This section gives examples of participial clauses that occur without an explicit coordinating conjunction word to introduce them.

• absolute adverbial:

(5.26)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ 
    (NP-GENV (PRO;_genm_ Our)) 
    (N cricket) 
    (N team)) 
  (HVP;~cat_Ve has) 
  (NEG not) 
  (IP-PPL-CAT (DON done) 
    (ADVP-NIM-MNR 
      (ADVP (ADV too)) 
      (ADV well)) 
    (PP-SCON-ABS 
      (IP-PPL 
        (ADVP-NIM-MOD (ADV only)) 
        (VAG;~Tn winning) 
        (NP-OB1 (NUM two) 
          (PP (P-ROLE out_of) 
            (NP (NUM five) (NS games)))))))) 

(5.27)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO She)) 
  (VBD;~Ipr looked) 
  (PP-CLR-DIR (P-ROLE at) 
    (NP (PRO him))) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (PP-SCON-ABS 
    (IP-PPL3 
      (NP-SBJ (NS lips)) 
      (NP-LGS *) 
      (VVN;~Tn compressed)))) 

• contingency adverbial:

(5.28)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ;{CURT} (PRO He)) 
  (ILYR 
    (ILYR (VBD;~Tn opened) 
      (NP-OB1;{DOOR} (D the) (N door))) 
    (CONJP (CONJ and) 
      (ILYR (VBD;~Ip went) 
        (ADVP-CLR-DIR (RP in)) 
        (PUNC ,) 
        (PP-SCON-CNT 
          (IP-PPL2 (VAG;~Cn.a pulling) 
            (NP-OB1;{DOOR} (PRO it)) 
            (ADJP-PRD (ADJ shut)) 
            (PP-NIM-LOC (P-ROLE behind) 
              (NP;{CURT} (PRO him))))))))) 

(5.29)

(IP-MAT 
  (PP-SCON-CNT-CND 
    (IP-PPL2 (VVN;~Tn untreated))) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (NP-SBJ (D the) (N disease)) 
  (MD;~cat_Vi can) 
  (IP-INF-CAT (VB;~Ipr result) 
    (PP-CLR (P-ROLE in) 
      (NP 
        (NLYR 
          (NLYR (N kidney) (N damage)) 
          (PUNC ,) 
          (CONJP 
            (NLYR (N liver) (N failure))) 
          (PUNC ,) 
          (CONJP 
            (NLYR (N meningitis))) 
          (PUNC ,) 
          (CONJP (CONJ or) 
            (NLYR 
              (ADJP (ADJ respiratory)) 
              (N distress)))))))) 

• manner/degree adverbial:

(5.30)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) 
  (VBD;~Tn spent) 
  (NP-OB1 
    (ADJP (ADJ many)) 
    (ADJP (ADJ sleepless)) 
    (NS nights)) 
  (PP-SCON-MNR 
    (IP-PPL2 
      (ILYR 
        (ILYR (VAG;~I tossing)) 
        (CONJP (CONJ and) 
          (ILYR (VAG;~I turning))))))) 

(5.31)

(NP (D the) 
  (ADJP 
    (ADVP (ADV very)) 
    (ADJ first)) 
  (N broadcast) 
  (IP-REL (NP-OB1 *T*) 
    (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) 
    (VBD;~Tn made) 
    (PUNC ,) 
    (PP-NIM-TMP (P-ROLE in) 
      (NP (NPR 1940))) 
    (PUNC ,) 
    (PP-SCON-MNR 
      (IP-PPL2 (VVN;~Tn helped) 
        (PP-LGS (P-ROLE by) 
          (NP 
            (NP-GENV (PRO;_genm_ my)) 
            (N sister))))))) 

• modality adverbial:

(5.32)

(IP-IMP (VB;~Tn Simmer) 
  (PP-NIM-TMP (P-ROLE for) 
    (NP 
      (NLYR (NUM 25) (PUNC <ndash>) (NUM 60)) 
      (NS minutes))) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (PP-SCON-MOD 
    (IP-PPL (VAG;~phr_Vpr depending) 
      (PP-CLR (P-ROLE on) 
        (NP (D the) 
          (NLYR 
            (NLYR (N quality)) 
            (CONJP (CONJ and) 
              (NLYR (N freshness)))) 
          (PP (P-ROLE of) 
            (NP (D the) (NS lentils)))))))) 

• respect adverbial:

(5.33)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (D The) (N temperature) (N distribution) 
    (PP (P-ROLE of) 
      (NP (N figure) (NUM 4)))) 
  (VBP;~Tn gives) 
  (NP-OB1 (FO <formul>)) 
  (PP-NIM-RST (P-ROLE for) 
    (NP (Q all) 
      (IP-PPL (VAG blowing)) 
      (NS rates))) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (PP-SCON-RST 
    (IP-PPL (VAG;~Tn assuming) 
      (NP-OB1 (FO <formul>))))) 

• temporal adverbial:

(5.34)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ 
    (ADJP (ADJ Modern)) 
    (ADJP (ADJ international)) 
    (N law)) 
  (VBD developed) 
  (PP-NIM-COM (P-ROLE alongside) 
    (NP (D the) 
      (NLYR 
        (NLYR (N emergence)) 
        (CONJP (CONJ and) 
          (NLYR (N growth)))) 
      (PP (P-ROLE of) 
        (NP (D the) 
          (ADJP (ADJ European)) 
          (NS nation_<hyphen>_states))))) 
  (PP-SCON-TMP 
    (IP-PPL (VAG beginning) 
      (PP-NIM-TMP (P-ROLE in) 
        (NP (D the) 
          (ADJP (ADJ early)) 
          (ADJP (ADJ 16th)) 
          (N century)))))) 

5.6.5    IP-ADV introduced by subordinating conjunction word

This section gives examples of finite adverbial clauses that occur with an explicit coordinating conjunction word to introduce them. A finite adverbial clause has a maximal constituent with the tag of Table 5.55.

• absolute adverbial:

(5.35)

(ILYR (VAG standing) 
  (PP-NIM-LOC (P-ROLE in) 
    (NP (D the) (N kitchen))) 
  (PP-SCON-ABS (P-CONN with) 
    (IP-ADV 
      (NP-SBJ (D a) (N dishcloth)) 
      (PP-NIM-LOC (P-ROLE in) 
        (NP 
          (NP-GENV (PRO;_genm_ his)) 
          (N hand)))))) 

• conditional adverbial:

(5.36)

(IP-MAT 
  (PP-SCON-CNT-CND (P-CONN If) 
    (IP-ADV 
      (NP-SBJ (PRO you)) 
      (BEP;~La <apos>re) 
      (ADJP-PRD2 (ADJ lucky)))) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO you)) 
  (MD;~cat_Vi may) 
  (IP-INF-CAT (VB;~Tn see) 
    (NP-OB1 (D some) (NS horses)))) 

• contingency adverbial:

(5.37)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ;{VIOLENCE} (D This) (N violence)) 
  (BEP;~Ln is) 
  (NP-PRD2 (D the) 
    (ADJP (ADJS worst) 
      (PP (P-ROLE of) 
        (NP (Q;_nphd_ all))))) 
  (PP-SCON-CNT (P-CONN because) 
    (IP-ADV 
      (NP-SBJ;{VIOLENCE} (PRO it)) 
      (BEP;~La is) 
      (ADJP-PRD2 (ADJ real) (PUNC ,) 
        (PRN 
          (ADJP (NEG not) (ADJ pretend))))))) 

• directional adverbial:

(5.38)

(IP-MAT (VBP carries) 
  (NP-OB1 (D a) (N quartz) (N crystal)) 
  (PP-NIM-COM (P-ROLE with) 
    (NP;{JULIE} (PRO her))) 
  (PP-SCON-LOC (P-CONN wherever) 
    (IP-ADV 
      (NP-SBJ;{JULIE} (PRO she)) 
      (VBP goes)))) 

• locative adverbial:

(5.39)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (NPR Panel) (NS schemes)) 
  (BEP;~La are) 
  (ADJP-PRD2 
    (ADVP (ADVR more)) 
    (ADJ appropriate)) 
  (PP-SCON-LOC (P-CONN where) 
    (IP-ADV 
      (NP-SBJ (D the) (N volume) 
        (PP (P-ROLE of) 
          (NP (N work)))) 
      (BEP;~La is) 
      (ADJP-PRD2 (ADJ low))))) 

• manner/degree adverbial:

(5.40)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO He)) 
  (VBP treats) 
  (NP-OB1 (PRO her)) 
  (PP-SCON-MNR (P-CONN like) 
    (IP-ADV 
      (NP-SBJ (PRO she)) 
      (BED;~Ln was) 
      (NP-PRD2 (N dirt))))) 

• modality adverbial:

(5.41)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) 
  (HVP;~Tn has) 
  (NP-OB1 (D a) 
    (ADJP (ADJ constitutional)) 
    (N responsibility)) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (PP-SCON-MOD (P-CONN as) 
    (IP-ADV 
      (NP-SBJ (PRO we)) 
      (HVP;~cat_Ve have) 
      (IP-PPL-CAT (VVN explained) 
        (PP-NIM-LOC (P-ROLE in) 
          (NP (N para) (NUM 30) 
            (ADVP (ADV above)))))))) 

• respect adverbial:

(5.42)

(NP (D The) 
  (ADJP (ADJ close)) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (ADJP (ADJ sweet)) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (ADJP (ADJ bitchy) (PUNC <mdash>) 
    (PRN 
      (PP-SCON-RST (P-CONN as_far_as) 
        (IP-ADV 
          (NP-SBJ (NPR Alice)) 
          (BED;~La was) 
          (ADJP-PRD2 (ADJ concerned))))) 
    (PUNC <mdash>)) 
  (ADJP (ADJ cloying)) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (ADJP (ADJ claustrophobic)) 
  (N world) 
  (PP (P-ROLE of) 
    (NP (NS women)))) 

• temporal adverbial:

(5.43)

(IP-MAT 
  (PP-SCON-TMP (P-CONN Once) 
    (IP-ADV 
      (NP-SBJ (D the) (N beam)) 
      (HVP;~cat_Ve has) 
      (IP-PPL-CAT (VVN;~Ipr locked) 
        (PP-CLR-DIR (P-ROLE onto) 
          (NP (D the) (N pod)))))) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO you)) 
  (MD;~cat_Vi can) 
  (IP-INF-CAT (VB;~Tn deactivate) 
    (NP-OB1 (D the) (N tractor) (N beam)))) 

• A verbless subclause:

(5.44)

(ILYR 
  (NP-SBJ (D;_nphd_ that)) 
  (BEP;~Ln is) 
  (NP-PRD2 (Q;_nphd_ all)) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (PULQ <lsquo>) 
  (REACT oh) 
  (PURQ <rsquo>) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (PP-SCON-MOD (P-CONN except) 
    (IP-ADV 
      (NP-SBJ (D a) 
        (ADJP (ADJ little))) 
      (ADVP-NIM-LOC (ADV underneath))))) 

5.6.6    IP-ADV without subordinating conjunction word

This section gives examples of finite adverbial clauses that occur without an explicit coordinating conjunction word to introduce them. Examples involve inversion in the subclause, which can be replaced by an if-clause.

• conditional:

(5.45)

(IP-MAT 
  (PP-SCON-CNT-CND 
    (IP-ADV (HVD;~cat_Ve Had) 
      (NP-SBJ (PRO he)) 
      (NEG not) 
      (IP-PPL-CAT (BEN;~La been) 
        (ADJP-PRD2 (ADJ dead))))) 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO I)) 
  (MD;~cat_Vi would) 
  (IP-INF-CAT (HV;~cat_Ve have) 
    (IP-PPL-CAT (VVN;~Ipr gone) 
      (PP-CLR-LOC (P-ROLE into) 
        (NP (D the) 
          (ADJP (ADJ little)) 
          (ADJP (ADJ dark)) 
          (N room)))))) 

• temporal adverbial:

(5.46)

(IP-MAT 
  (PP-SCON-TMP 
    (IP-ADV (VBP Come) 
      (NP-SBJ (N spring)))) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO you)) 
  (MD;~cat_Vi <apos>ll) 
  (IP-INF-CAT (BE;~cat_Vg be))) 

• A verbless subclause:

(5.47)

(ILYR 
  (PP-SCON-TMP 
    (IP-ADV 
      (ADJP-PRD2 
        (NP (D The)) 
        (ADJR closer)) 
      (NP-SBJ (D the) (N inspection)))) 
  (PUNC ,) 
  (ADJP-147 
    (NP (D the)) 
    (ADJ less) 
    (PP (P-ROLE like) 
      (NP (D a) (PULQ <lquo>) 
        (ADJP (ADJ classical)) 
        (PURQ <rquo>) 
        (ADJP (ADJ demographic)) 
        (N transition)))) 
  (NP-SBJ (D the) 
    (ADJP (ADJ British)) 
    (N record)) 
  (VBP;~cat_Vt seems) 
  (IP-INF-CAT (TO to) (BE;~La be))) 

5.7    Subjunctive

(5.48)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (NPR Joe)) 
  (ADVP-NIM-MOD (ADV naturally)) 
  (VBD;~Tf ruled) 
  (CP-THT-OB1 
    (IP-SUB% (C that) 
      (NP-SBJ (D a) (N ball)) 
      (BE;~cat_Ve_passive_ be) 
      (IP-PPL-CAT (NP-LGS *) (VVN;~Tn.pr dropped))))) 

(5.49)

(IP-MAT 
  (NP-SBJ (PRO It)) 
  (VBD urged) 
  (CP-THT-OB1 
    (IP-SUB% (C that) 
      (NP-SBJ (D the) (N city)) 
      (PULQ <ldquo>) 
      (VB take) 
      (NP-OB1 (NS steps)) 
      (PP-SCON-CNT 
        (IP-INF (TO to) (VB remedy) (PURQ <rdquo>) 
          (NP-OB1 (D this) (N problem))))))) 

(5.50)

(IP-MAT (PUNC <mdash>) 
  (PP-SCON-CNT 
    (IP-ADV% (BE;~cat_Ve_passive_ be) 
      (NP-SBJ (PRO they)) 
      (IP-PPL-CAT (VVN drawn) (RP up) 
        (PP-LGS (P-ROLE by) 
          (NP 
            (ADJP 
              (AJLYR 
                (AJLYR (ADJ small)) 
                (CONJP (CONJ or) 
                  (AJLYR (ADJ large))))) 
            (NS employers)))))))