Chapter 5 Clause-within-clause subordination

5.1 Introduction

The hierarchy of layers from chapter 1 starts with a matrix clause as the highest layer with phrases subsequently reached. The picture of internal clause structure was fleshed out further in chapter 4 to include clause internal layers (ILYR) with coordination. The hierarchy from chapter 1 also allows two types of clause subordination:

clause-within-phrase
clause-within-clause

Clause-within-phrase possibilities were seen in chapter 3 with discussions of modifiers and complements inside phrases. This chapter details clause-within-clause options. In chapter 4, clause elements were realised by (noun) phrases with subject, object, predicative, and adverbial roles. Now we will see how such elements can also be clauses themselves. The discussion will group subordinate clauses by the node labels of their maximal constituent:

IP-INF (section 5.2)
IP-PPL (section 5.3)
CP-THT (section 5.4)
CP-QUE (section 5.5)
PP-SCON (section 5.6)

With the exception of CP-QUE (seen in section 4.2.2), the other tags are used to label clauses that are incapable of standing alone as the main clause of a sentence. When a subordinate clause is all the content of an utterance, then it is the only element of a FRAG layer.

5.2 IP-INF (infinitive clause)

Infinitive clauses are clauses that contain a verb in the infinitive form without a finite element like an operator DO or modal verb at the same clause layer (as seen with matrix clauses in section 4.2.1). Infinitive clauses have a maximal constituent with the tag of Table 5.45.

Table 5.45: Tag for infinitive clause

IP-INF infinitive clause

There are two kinds of infinitive clause:

those that contain the infinitive marker to (tagged TO), typically as the clause initial word
those that lack the infinitive marker to, called bare infinitive clauses

When occurring directly within a clause, the syntactic tag IP-INF needs a function extension. Possibilities are listed in Table 5.46.

Table 5.46: Tags for infinitive clauses with function extensions

`IP-INF-CAT`	catenative complement
`IP-INF-`(`N`)`SBJ`	(notional) subject
`IP-INF-`(`N`)`OB1`	(notional) direct object
`IP-INF-PRD2`	subject predicative
`IP-INF-PRD`	object predicative

Infinitive clauses with the infinitive marker to can have subject function, as in (5.1).

(5.1): IP-MAT,IP-INF-SBJ,TO,To
IP-MAT,IP-INF-SBJ,DO,do
IP-MAT,IP-INF-SBJ,ADVP-MNR,ADV,so
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,would
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Cn.a,make
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,his
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,N,job
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,ADJP-PRD,ADVP,ADV,well<hyphen>nigh
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,ADJP-PRD,ADJ,impossible
ID,134_susanne_n09

It is typical for an infinitive clause with subject function to occur as an extraposed notional subject (-NSBJ). A notional subject occurs in combination with: (i) a provisional subject noun phrase comprised of it, tagged PRO;_provisional_, as in (5.2); or (ii) a derived subject marked -SBJ and so not distinguished independently of the construction, as in (5.3).

(5.2): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO;_provisional_,it
IP-MAT,BEP;~La,<apos>s
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADVP,ADV,quite
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,comfy
IP-MAT,IP-INF-NSBJ,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-INF-NSBJ,VB;~Ipr,lay
IP-MAT,IP-INF-NSBJ,PP-CLR-LOC,P-ROLE,on
IP-MAT,IP-INF-NSBJ,PP-CLR-LOC,NP,PRO,it
ID,431_christine_t40

(5.3): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D;_nphd_,This
IP-MAT,VBP;~Ipr,seems
IP-MAT,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,to
IP-MAT,PP-CLR,NP,PRO,me
IP-MAT,IP-INF-NSBJ,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-INF-NSBJ,BE;~Ln,be
IP-MAT,IP-INF-NSBJ,NP-PRD2,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-INF-NSBJ,NP-PRD2,N,difference
ID,13_lucy_student_e12

In addition to subject function, infinitive clauses with the infinitive marker to can have:

catenative complement function (IP-INF-CAT); see codes [cat_Vt] (section 6.2), [cat_Vp.t] (section 6.3), and [ex_cat_Vt] (section 8.2.5)
direct object function (IP-INF-OB1); see codes [Tt] (section 7.5.6), [Tnt] (section 7.5.7), and [Dn.t] (section 7.7.7)
object predicative function (IP-INF-PRD); see code [Cn.t] (section 7.6.5)
subject predicative function (IP-INF-PRD2); see code [equ_Vt] (section 8.3.1)

Bare infinitive clauses can have:

catenative complement function (IP-INF-CAT); see code [cat_Vi] (section 6.4)
direct object function (IP-INF-OB1); see code [Tni] (section 7.5.11)
object predicative function (IP-INF-PRD); see code [Cn.i] (section 7.6.7)
subject predicative function (IP-INF-PRD2); see code [equ_Vi] (section 8.3.2)

5.3 IP-PPL (participial clause)

Participial clauses have a maximal constituent with the tag of Table 5.47.

Table 5.47: Tag for participial clause

IP-PPL participial clause

There are two kinds of participial clause:

those that contain a past participle ({ed}/{en}) verb form
those that contain a present participial ({ing}) verb form

When occurring directly within a clause, the syntactic tag IP-PPL needs a function extension. Possibilities are listed in Table 5.48.

Table 5.48: Tags for participial clauses with function extensions

`IP-PPL-CAT`	catenative complement
`IP-PPL-`(`N`)`SBJ`	clause (notional) subject
`IP-PPL-OB1`	direct object
`IP-PPL-PRD2`	subject predicative
`IP-PPL-PRD`	object predicative

Participial clauses with a present participial ({ing}) verb can have subject function, as in (5.4).

(5.4): ILYR,IP-PPL-SBJ,VAG;~Tn,Shooting
ILYR,IP-PPL-SBJ,NP-OB1;{REACTOR},D,the
ILYR,IP-PPL-SBJ,NP-OB1;{REACTOR},N,reactor
ILYR,MD;~cat_Vi,will
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Tn,damage
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1;{REACTOR},PRO,it
ID,12_a_thrust

A participial clause with a present participial ({ing}) verb can also occur as an extraposed notional subject (-NSBJ) in combination with a provisional subject it, as in (5.5).

(5.5): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO;_provisional_,It
IP-MAT,DOP,does
IP-MAT,NEG;_clitic_,n<apos>t
IP-MAT,VB;~La,seem
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADVP,ADV,quite
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,right
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-NSBJ,VAG;~Dn.n,telling
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-NSBJ,NP-OB2,PRO,her
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-NSBJ,NP-OB1,D,a
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-NSBJ,NP-OB1,N,thing
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-NSBJ,NP-OB1,PP,P-ROLE,like
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-NSBJ,NP-OB1,PP,NP,D;_nphd_,that
ID,17_susanne_n12

In addition to subject function, participial clauses with a present participial ({ing}) verb can have:

catenative complement function (IP-PPL-CAT); see codes [cat_Vg] (section 6.7), [cat_Vp.g] (section 6.8), and [ex_cat_Vg] (section 8.2.7)
direct object function (IP-PPL-OB1); see codes [Tg] (section 7.5.8), [Tsg] (section 7.5.9), and [Tng] (section 7.5.10)
object predicative function (IP-PPL-PRD); see code [Cn.g] (section 7.6.6)
subject predicative function (IP-PPL-PRD2); see code [equ_Vg] (section 8.3.3)

Participial clauses with a {ed}/{en} verb form can have:

catenative complement function (IP-PPL-CAT); see codes [cat_Ve] (section 6.6) and [ex_cat_Ve] (section 8.2.6)
object predicative function (IP-PPL-PRD); see codes [VP24A, VP24B, VP24C] (section 6.11)

5.4 CP-THT (that clause)

A that-clause is an embedded clause with a finite verb. This may have the complementizer that (tagged C) as the clause initial word. A that clause has a maximal constituent with the tag of Table 5.49 and, when structurally complete, contains as the only element a finite clause layer (IP-SUB) which in turn contains all the clause content, including any clause initial complementizer. If there is any conjunction then this happens inside the IP-SUB layer with ILYR (clause internal layer) projections.

Table 5.49: Tag for that-clause

CP-THT that-clause

When occurring directly within a clause, the syntactic tag CP-THT needs a function extension. Possibilities are listed in Table 5.50.

Table 5.50: Tags for that-clauses with function extensions

`CP-THT-`(`N`)`SBJ`	(notional) subject
`CP-THT-`(`N`)`OB1`	(notional) direct object
`CP-THT-PRD2`	subject predicative

That-clauses can have subject function, as in (5.6).

(5.6): ILYR,CP-THT-SBJ,IP-SUB,C,That
ILYR,CP-THT-SBJ,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PRO,she
ILYR,CP-THT-SBJ,IP-SUB,VBD;~Tn,impressed
ILYR,CP-THT-SBJ,IP-SUB,NP-OB1,PRO,me
ILYR,CP-THT-SBJ,IP-SUB,ADVP-TMP,ADV,instantly
ILYR,BED;~La,was
ILYR,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,obvious
ID,27_susanne_n18

It is typical for a that-clause with subject function to occur as an extraposed notional subject (-NSBJ) in combination with a provisional subject it, as in (5.7).

(5.7): ILYR,NP-SBJ,PRO;_provisional_,It
ILYR,BEP;~La,is
ILYR,PUNC,<comma>
ILYR,ADVP-CNT,ADV,however
ILYR,PUNC,<comma>
ILYR,ADJP-PRD2,ADVP,ADV,quite
ILYR,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,obvious
ILYR,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,C,that
ILYR,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,D;_nphd_,these
ILYR,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,BEP;~Ln,are
ILYR,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,NP-PRD2,NLYR,NLYR,NP,N,bulk
ILYR,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,NP-PRD2,NLYR,NLYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
ILYR,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,NP-PRD2,NLYR,NLYR,CONJP,NP,ADJP,ADJ,impersonal
ILYR,CP-THT-NSBJ,IP-SUB,NP-PRD2,NS,e_<hyphen>_mails
ID,32_lucy_student_e84

In addition to subject function, that-clauses can have:

direct object function (CP-THT-OB1); see codes [Tf] (section 7.5.4), [Dn.f] (section 7.7.3), and [Dpr.f] (section 7.7.4)
subject predicative function (CP-THT-PRD2); see code [equ_Vf] (section 8.3.4)

5.5 CP-QUE (indirect question)

Tags for indirect question with function extensions are given in Table 5.51.

Table 5.51: Tags for embedded question clauses with function extensions

`CP-QUE-`(`N`)`SBJ`	(notional) subject
`CP-QUE-`(`N`)`OB1`	(notional) direct object
`CP-QUE-PRD2`	subject predicative

Embedded question clauses can have subject function, as in (5.8) and (5.9).

(5.8): IP-MAT,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,ADVP-MNR,AVLYR,ADVP,WADV,How
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,ADVP-MNR,AVLYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,ADVP-MNR,AVLYR,CONJP,ADVP,WADV,why
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,D,this
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,N,process
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,VBP;~I,occurs
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,would
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Tn,provide
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,D,an
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,ADJP,ADJ,interesting
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,ADJP;@3,ADJ,separate
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,N,subject
ID,77_susanne_g11

(5.9): ILYR,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,WQ,Whether
ILYR,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,D;_nphd_,this
ILYR,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,MD;~cat_Vi,will
ILYR,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,ADVP-TMP,ADV,ever
ILYR,CP-QUE-SBJ,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~I,happen
ILYR,VBP;~cat_Vt,remains
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,TO,to
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,BE;~cat_Ve_passive_,be
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tw,seen
ID,140_a_history_of_greece

An indirect question with subject function will often occur as an extraposed notional subject (-NSBJ) in combination with a provisional subject it, as in (5.10) and (5.11).

(5.10): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO;_provisional_,It
IP-MAT,BEP;~La,is
IP-MAT,NEG,not
IP-MAT,ADVP-TMP,ADV,always
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,clear
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,ILYR,NP-PRD2,WPRO,what
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,ILYR,NP-SBJ,D,the
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,ILYR,NP-SBJ,ADJP,ADJ,public
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,ILYR,NP-SBJ,N,interest
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,ILYR,BEP;~Ln,is
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,or
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-SBJ,WPRO,what
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,VBP,serves
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,NP-OB1,PRO,it
ID,59_lucy_bnc_b36

(5.11): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO;_provisional_,It
IP-MAT,BED;~La,was
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,horrifying
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,ADVP-TMP,WADV,when
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,VBD;~Tf,realised
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,Q;_nphd_,everyone
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,MD;~cat_Vi,could
IP-MAT,CP-QUE-NSBJ,IP-SUB,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~I,see
ID,46_a_lockdown

In addition to subject function, embedded question clauses can have:

direct object function (CP-QUE-OB1); see codes [Tw] (section 7.5.5), [Dn.w] (section 7.7.5), and [Dpr.w] (section 7.7.6)
subject predicative function (CP-QUE-PRD2); see code [equ_Vw] (section 8.3.5)

5.6 PP-SCON (subordinate component of subordinate conjunction)

This section considers clauses that are the subordinate component of subordinate conjunctions. These clauses can differ with regards to:

the type of subordinate clause, that is, either IP-INF (sections 5.6.1 and 5.6.2), IP-PPL (sections 5.6.3 and 5.6.4), or IP-ADV (sections 5.6.5 and 5.6.6)
whether an explicit coordinating conjunction word is present (e.g., before, in_order, when; tagged P-CONN) (sections 5.6.1, 5.6.3, and 5.6.5) or not (sections 5.6.2, 5.6.4, and 5.6.6)
the adverbial function of the subordinate conjunction (see Table 5.53 below)

The annotation of the subordinate component always provides a maximal constituent layer with the tag of Table 5.52, which is headed by a coordinating conjunction word when present.

Table 5.52: Tag for subordinating conjunction clause

PP-SCON subordinate component of subordinate conjunction

In addition, the syntactic tag PP-SCON needs a function extension. Possibilities are listed in Table 5.53.

Table 5.53: Tags for subordinating conjunction clauses with function extensions

`PP-SCON-ABS`	absolute adverbial
`PP-SCON-CNT-CND`	conditional
`PP-SCON-CNT`	contingency adverbial
`PP-SCON-DIR`	directional adverbial
`PP-SCON-LOC`	locative adverbial
`PP-SCON-MNR`	manner/degree adverbial
`PP-SCON-MOD`	modality adverbial
`PP-SCON-RST`	respect adverbial
`PP-SCON-TMP`	temporal adverbial

Note that the extension possibilities of Table 5.53 overlap with Table 4.43 of chapter 4.

5.6.1 IP-INF introduced by subordinating conjunction word

This section gives examples of infinitive clauses that occur with an explicit coordinating conjunction word to introduce them.

contingency adverbial:

(5.12): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D;_nphd_,This
IP-MAT,VBD;~Ipr,pointed
IP-MAT,PP-CLR-DIR,P-ROLE,to
IP-MAT,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,N,need
IP-MAT,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,PP,P-ROLE,for
IP-MAT,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,PP,NP,NS,gears
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,P-CONN,in_order
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,P-CONN,for
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,NP-SBJ,D,the
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,NP-SBJ,N,output
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,NP-SBJ,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,N,engine
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,TO,to
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,BE;~cat_Ve_passive_,be
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn,used
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,IP-PPL-CAT,ADVP-MNR,ADVP,ADVR,more
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,IP-PPL-CAT,ADVP-MNR,ADV,efficiently
ID,26_lucy_student_e01

manner/degree adverbial:

(5.13): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{LAYLOR},PRO,She
IP-MAT,VBD;~phr_Vn<=>p,screwed
IP-MAT,RP,up
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,NP-GENV;{LAYLOR},PRO;_genm_,her
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,N,face
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MNR,P-CONN,as_if
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-INF,TO,to
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-INF,VB;~Tr,say
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-INF,utterance-OB1,FRAG,ADVP,ADV,nowhere
ID,80_a_loosechange

modality adverbial:

(5.14): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,ADJP,ADJ,Talented
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NS,people
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,could
IP-MAT,NEG,not
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Tn,advance
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,NLYR,NP,PNX,themselves
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,NLYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,NLYR,CONJP,NP,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,their
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,NLYR,CONJP,NP,N,position
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PUNC,<comma>,
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-SCON-MOD,P-CONN,let_alone,
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-INF,VB;~Tn,make
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-INF,NP-OB1,D,a
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-INF,NP-OB1,ADJP,ADJ,worthwhile
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-INF,NP-OB1,N,contribution
ID,52_lucy_bnc_b20

5.6.2 IP-INF without subordinating conjunction word

This section gives examples of infinitive clauses that occur without an explicit coordinating conjunction word to introduce them.

contingency adverbial:

(5.15): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,he
IP-MAT,VBD;~Tn,took
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,PRO,me
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,TO,to
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,VB;~Tn,see
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,NP-OB1,PRO,them
ID,99_lucy_bnc_b01

directional adverbial:

(5.16): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D;_nphd_,Those
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,NP-SBJ,RPRO,who
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,BEP;~Ln,are
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,NP-PRD2,ADJP,ADJ,sexual
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,IP-REL,NP-PRD2,NS,deviants
IP-MAT,BEP;~cat_Ve_passive_,are
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ADVP-MOD,ADV,naturally
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn,drawn
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-DIR,IP-INF,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-DIR,IP-INF,VB;~Tn,join
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-DIR,IP-INF,NP-OB1,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-DIR,IP-INF,NP-OB1,NS,beatniks
ID,86_susanne_g13

manner/degree adverbial:

(5.17): IP-IMP,VB,Add
IP-IMP,NP-OB1,D,the
IP-IMP,NP-OB1,NLYR,NP,N,broth
IP-IMP,NP-OB1,NLYR,NP,NS,vegetables
IP-IMP,NP-OB1,NLYR,PUNC,<comma>
IP-IMP,NP-OB1,NLYR,CONJP,NP,NS,herbs
IP-IMP,NP-OB1,NLYR,PUNC,<comma>
IP-IMP,NP-OB1,NLYR,CONJP,NP,NS,peppercorns
IP-IMP,NP-OB1,NLYR,CONJP;@6,CONJ,and
IP-IMP,NP-OB1,NLYR,CONJP;@6,NP,N,salt
IP-IMP,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-INF2,TO,to
IP-IMP,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-INF2,VB,taste
ID,5_lucy_bnc_b18

modality adverbial:

(5.18): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,They
IP-MAT,VBD,thought
IP-MAT,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,of
IP-MAT,PP-CLR,NP,PNX,themselves
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-INF3,TO,to
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-INF3,VB;~Tn,use
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-INF3,NP-OB1,NP-GENV,NPR,Jefferson
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-INF3,NP-OB1,NP-GENV,GENM,<apos>s
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-INF3,NP-OB1,NS,words
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,PP-PRD,P-ROLE,as
IP-MAT,PP-PRD,NP,PULQ,<ldquo>
IP-MAT,PP-PRD,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,PP-PRD,NP,NS,Argonauts
IP-MAT,PP-PRD,NP,PURQ,<rdquo>
ID,8_susanne_g07

respect adverbial:

(5.19): ILYR,VAG;~I,rejoicing
ILYR,PP-SCON-RST,IP-INF,TO,to
ILYR,PP-SCON-RST,IP-INF,VB;~Tf,think
ILYR,PP-SCON-RST,IP-INF,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,C,that
ILYR,PP-SCON-RST,IP-INF,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,NP-SBJ,PRO,they
ILYR,PP-SCON-RST,IP-INF,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,BED,were
ILYR,PP-SCON-RST,IP-INF,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,ADVP-MNR,ADV,all
ILYR,PP-SCON-RST,IP-INF,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,ADVP-COM,ADVP,ADV,back
ILYR,PP-SCON-RST,IP-INF,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,ADVP-COM,ADV,together
ILYR,PP-SCON-RST,IP-INF,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB,ADVP-TMP,ADV,again
ID,42_susanne_n13

5.6.3 IP-PPL introduced by subordinating conjunction word

This section gives examples of participial clauses that occur with an explicit coordinating conjunction word to introduce them.

absolute adverbial:

(5.20): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,Q;_nphd_,Most
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,PRO,us
IP-MAT,HVP;~cat_Ve,have
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,BEN;~cat_Vg,been
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VAG;~I,watching
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,P-CONN,with
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,NP-SBJ,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,our
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,NP-SBJ,NS,tongues
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,VAG;~Ip,hanging
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,ADVP-CLR-DIR,RP,out
ID,77_lucy_bnc_b19

conditional:

(5.21): IP-IMP,VB;~Tn,Scatter
IP-IMP,ADVP-LOC,P-ROLE,over
IP-IMP,NP-OB1,D,the
IP-IMP,NP-OB1,NS,peppercorns
IP-IMP,PUNC,<comma>
IP-IMP,PP-SCON-CNT-CND,P-CONN,if
IP-IMP,PP-SCON-CNT-CND,IP-PPL2,VAG;~Tn,using
ID,65_lucy_bnc_b18

contingency adverbial:

(5.22): IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,P-CONN,As_well_as
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,VAG;~Tn,getting
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,D,a
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,NP-OB1,N,shilling
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,PP-BNF,P-ROLE,for
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,PP-BNF,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL2,PP-BNF,NP,NS,cubs
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,VBD;~Tn,got
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,N,sixpence
ID,13_lucy_child_09_m12

manner/degree adverbial:

(5.23): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NPR,Jones
IP-MAT,VBD;~I,sighed
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MNR,P-CONN,as_if
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-PPL,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-PPL,VVN;~Tn,relieved
ID,70_susanne_n01

modality adverbial:

(5.24): NP-OB1,D,an
NP-OB1,N,assembly
NP-OB1,PP,P-ROLE,of
NP-OB1,PP,NP,N,information
NP-OB1,IP-PPL,VAG,including
NP-OB1,IP-PPL,NP-OB1,ADJP,ADJ,personal
NP-OB1,IP-PPL,NP-OB1,N,information
NP-OB1,IP-PPL,PP-SCON-MOD,P-CONN,as
NP-OB1,IP-PPL,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-PPL3,NP-LGS,*
NP-OB1,IP-PPL,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-PPL3,VVN,set
NP-OB1,IP-PPL,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-PPL3,RP,forth
NP-OB1,IP-PPL,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-PPL3,ADVP-LOC,ADV,below
ID,9_a_law_h15a119

temporal adverbial:

(5.25): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,We
IP-MAT,HVP;~cat_Ve,<apos>ve
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ADVP-MOD,ADV,all
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,HVN;~cat_Vt,had
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,TO,to
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Tn,sacrifice
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,D;_nphd_,a_lot
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,P-CONN,while
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,BAG;~Ln,being
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,NP-PRD2,ADJP,ADJ,stuck
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL2,NP-PRD2,NS,indoors
ID,5_a_lockdown

5.6.4 IP-PPL without subordinating conjunction word

This section gives examples of participial clauses that occur without an explicit coordinating conjunction word to introduce them.

absolute adverbial:

(5.26): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,Our
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,cricket
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N;@3,team
IP-MAT,HVP;~cat_Ve,has
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,NEG,not
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,DON,done
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ADVP-MNR,ADVP,ADV,too
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,ADVP-MNR,ADV,well
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL,ADVP-MOD,ADV,only
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL,VAG;~Tn,winning
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL,NP-OB1,NUM,two
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL,NP-OB1,PP,P-ROLE,out_of
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL,NP-OB1,PP,NP,NUM,five
IP-MAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL,NP-OB1,PP,NP,NS,games
ID,5_lucy_child_12_f21

(5.27): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,She
IP-MAT,VBD;~Ipr,looked
IP-MAT,PP-CLR-DIR,P-ROLE,at
IP-MAT,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,PRO,him
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,NP-SBJ,NS,lips
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-PPL3,VVN;~Tn,compressed
ID,87_susanne_n09

contingency adverbial:

(5.28): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,He
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,VBD;~Tn,opened
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,NP-OB1,D,the
IP-MAT,ILYR,ILYR,NP-OB1,N,door
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,VBD;~Ip,went
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,ADVP-CLR-DIR,RP,in
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL,VAG;~Cn.a,pulling
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL,NP-OB1,PRO,it
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL,ADJP-PRD,ADJ,shut
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL,PP-LOC,P-ROLE,behind
IP-MAT,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-PPL,PP-LOC,NP,PRO,him
ID,39_susanne_n12

(5.29): IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT-CND,IP-PPL2,VVN;~Tn,untreated
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,the
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,disease
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,can
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Ipr,result
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,in
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,NP,N,kidney
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,NP,N;@2,damage
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,CONJP,NP,N,liver
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,CONJP,NP,N;@2,failure
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,CONJP,NP,N,meningitis
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,CONJP,CONJ,or
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,CONJP,NP,ADJP,ADJ,respiratory
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,CONJP,NP,N,distress
ID,61_a_factbook_1_2010

manner/degree adverbial:

(5.30): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,VBD;~Tn,spent
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,ADJP,ADJ,many
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,ADJP;@2,ADJ,sleepless
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,NS,nights
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-PPL2,ILYR,ILYR,VAG;~I,tossing
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-PPL2,ILYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-PPL2,ILYR,CONJP,ILYR,VAG;~I,turning
ID,559_christine_t30

(5.31): NP,D,the
NP,ADJP,ADVP,ADV,very
NP,ADJP,ADJ,first
NP,N,broadcast
NP,IP-REL,NP-OB1,*T*
NP,IP-REL,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
NP,IP-REL,VBD;~Tn,made
NP,IP-REL,PUNC,<comma>
NP,IP-REL,PP-TMP,P-ROLE,in
NP,IP-REL,PP-TMP,NP,NPR,1940
NP,IP-REL,PUNC,<comma>
NP,IP-REL,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-PPL2,VVN;~Tn,helped
NP,IP-REL,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-PPL2,PP-LGS,P-ROLE,by
NP,IP-REL,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-PPL2,PP-LGS,NP,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,my
NP,IP-REL,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-PPL2,PP-LGS,NP,N,sister
ID,13_a_queen_broadcast

modality adverbial:

(5.32): IP-IMP,VB;~Tn,Simmer
IP-IMP,PP-TMP,P-ROLE,for
IP-IMP,PP-TMP,NP,NLYR,NUM,25
IP-IMP,PP-TMP,NP,NLYR,PUNC,<ndash>
IP-IMP,PP-TMP,NP,NLYR,NUM,60
IP-IMP,PP-TMP,NP,NS,minutes
IP-IMP,PUNC,<comma>
IP-IMP,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-PPL,VAG;~phr_Vpr,depending
IP-IMP,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-PPL,PP-CLR,P-ROLE,on
IP-IMP,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-PPL,PP-CLR,NP,D,the
IP-IMP,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-PPL,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,NP,N,quality
IP-IMP,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-PPL,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-IMP,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-PPL,PP-CLR,NP,NLYR,CONJP,NP,N,freshness
IP-IMP,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-PPL,PP-CLR,NP,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-IMP,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-PPL,PP-CLR,NP,PP,NP,D,the
IP-IMP,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-PPL,PP-CLR,NP,PP,NP,NS,lentils
ID,46_lucy_bnc_b18

respect adverbial:

(5.33): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,D,The
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,temperature
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N;@3,distribution
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,N,figure
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,NUM,4
IP-MAT,VBP;~Tn,gives
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,FO,<formul>
IP-MAT,PP-RST,P-ROLE,for
IP-MAT,PP-RST,NP,Q,all
IP-MAT,PP-RST,NP,IP-PPL,VAG,blowing
IP-MAT,PP-RST,NP,NS,rates
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-RST,IP-PPL,VAG;~Tn,assuming
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-RST,IP-PPL,NP-OB1,FO,<formul>
ID,104_susanne_j02

temporal adverbial:

(5.34): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,ADJP,ADJ,Modern
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,ADJP;@2,ADJ,international
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,N,law
IP-MAT,VBD,developed
IP-MAT,PP-COM,P-ROLE,alongside
IP-MAT,PP-COM,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,PP-COM,NP,NLYR,NP,N,emergence
IP-MAT,PP-COM,NP,NLYR,CONJP,CONJ,and
IP-MAT,PP-COM,NP,NLYR,CONJP,NP,N,growth
IP-MAT,PP-COM,NP,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-MAT,PP-COM,NP,PP,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,PP-COM,NP,PP,NP,ADJP,ADJ,European
IP-MAT,PP-COM,NP,PP,NP,NS,nation_<hyphen>_states
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL,VAG,beginning
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL,PP-TMP,P-ROLE,in
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL,PP-TMP,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL,PP-TMP,NP,ADJP,ADJ,early
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL,PP-TMP,NP,ADJP;@3,ADJ,16th
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-PPL,PP-TMP,NP,N,century
ID,47_a_factbook_2_2010

5.6.5 IP-ADV introduced by subordinating conjunction word

This section gives examples of finite adverbial clauses that occur with an explicit coordinating conjunction word to introduce them. A finite adverbial clause has a maximal constituent with the tag of Table 5.54.

Table 5.54: Tag for adverbial clause

IP-ADV adverbial clause

absolute adverbial:

(5.35): ILYR,VAG,standing
ILYR,PP-LOC,P-ROLE,in
ILYR,PP-LOC,NP,D,the
ILYR,PP-LOC,NP,N,kitchen
ILYR,PP-SCON-ABS,P-CONN,with
ILYR,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,D,a
ILYR,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,N,dishcloth
ILYR,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-ADV,PP-LOC,P-ROLE,in
ILYR,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-ADV,PP-LOC,NP,NP-GENV,PRO;_genm_,his
ILYR,PP-SCON-ABS,IP-ADV,PP-LOC,NP,N,hand
ID,4_lucy_student_e74

conditional adverbial:

(5.36): IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT-CND,P-CONN,If
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT-CND,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PRO,you
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT-CND,IP-ADV,BEP;~La,<apos>re
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT-CND,IP-ADV,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,lucky
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,you
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,may
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Tn,see
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,D,some
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,NS,horses
ID,7_a_maptext

contingency adverbial:

(5.37): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{VIOLENCE},D,This
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ;{VIOLENCE},N,violence
IP-MAT,BEP;~Ln,is
IP-MAT,NP-PRD2,D,the
IP-MAT,NP-PRD2,ADJP,ADJS,worst
IP-MAT,NP-PRD2,ADJP,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-MAT,NP-PRD2,ADJP,PP,NP,Q;_nphd_,all
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,P-CONN,because
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ;{VIOLENCE},PRO,it
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,BEP;~La,is
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,real
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,ADJP-PRD2,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,ADJP-PRD2,PRN,ADJP,NEG,not
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV,ADJP-PRD2,PRN,ADJP,ADJ,pretend
ID,21_lucy_student_e16

directional adverbial:

(5.38): IP-MAT,VBP,carries
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,D,a
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,N,quartz
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,N;@3,crystal
IP-MAT,PP-COM,P-ROLE,with
IP-MAT,PP-COM,NP,PRO,her
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-DIR,P-CONN,wherever
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-DIR,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PRO,she
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-DIR,IP-ADV,VBP,goes
ID,105_lucy_bnc_b17

locative adverbial:

(5.39): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NPR,Panel
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NS,schemes
IP-MAT,BEP;~La,are
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADVP,ADVR,more
IP-MAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,appropriate
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-LOC,P-CONN,where
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-LOC,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,D,the
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-LOC,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,N,volume
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-LOC,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PP,P-ROLE,of
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-LOC,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PP,NP,N,work
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-LOC,IP-ADV,BEP;~La,is
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-LOC,IP-ADV,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,low
ID,19_lucy_bnc_b34

manner/degree adverbial:

(5.40): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,He
IP-MAT,VBP,treats
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,PRO,her
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MNR,P-CONN,like
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PRO,she
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-ADV,BED;~Ln,was
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MNR,IP-ADV,NP-PRD2,N,dirt
ID,138_susanne_n02

modality adverbial:

(5.41): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,he
IP-MAT,HVP;~Tn,has
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,D,a
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,ADJP,ADJ,constitutional
IP-MAT,NP-OB1,N,responsibility
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MOD,P-CONN,as
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PRO,we
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-ADV,HVP;~cat_Ve,have
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN,explained
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LOC,P-ROLE,in
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LOC,NP,N,para
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LOC,NP,NUM,30
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LOC,NP,ADVP,ADV,above
ID,50_a_uksc_judgment

respect adverbial:

(5.42): NP,D,The
NP,ADJP,ADJ,close
NP,PUNC,<comma>
NP,ADJP,ADJ,sweet
NP,PUNC,<comma>
NP,ADJP,ADJ,bitchy
NP,ADJP,PUNC,<mdash>
NP,ADJP,PRN,PP-SCON-RST,P-CONN,as_far_as
NP,ADJP,PRN,PP-SCON-RST,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,NPR,Alice
NP,ADJP,PRN,PP-SCON-RST,IP-ADV,BED;~La,was
NP,ADJP,PRN,PP-SCON-RST,IP-ADV,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,concerned
NP,ADJP,PUNC,<mdash>
NP,ADJP;@7,ADJ,cloying
NP,PUNC,<comma>
NP,ADJP,ADJ,claustrophobic
NP,N,world
NP,PP,P-ROLE,of
NP,PP,NP,NS,women
ID,21_lucy_bnc_c05

temporal adverbial:

(5.43): IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,P-CONN,Once
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,D,the
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,N,beam
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-ADV,HVP;~cat_Ve,has
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Ipr,locked
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR-DIR,P-ROLE,onto
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR-DIR,NP,N,pod
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,you
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,can
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,VB;~Tn,deactivate
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,N,tractor
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,NP-OB1,N;@3,beam
ID,6_a_thrust

A verbless subclause:

(5.44): ILYR,NP-SBJ,D;_nphd_,that
ILYR,BEP;~Ln,is
ILYR,NP-PRD2,Q;_nphd_,all
ILYR,PUNC,<comma>
ILYR,PULQ,<lsquo>
ILYR,REACT,oh
ILYR,PURQ,<rsquo>
ILYR,PUNC,<comma>
ILYR,PP-SCON-MOD,P-CONN,except
ILYR,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,D,a
ILYR,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,ADJP,ADJ,little
ILYR,PP-SCON-MOD,IP-ADV,ADVP-LOC,ADV,underneath
ID,5_lucy_child_12_f08

5.6.6 IP-ADV without subordinating conjunction word

This section gives examples of finite adverbial clauses that occur without an explicit coordinating conjunction word to introduce them. Examples involve inversion in the subclause, which can be replaced by an if-clause.

conditional:

(5.45): IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT-CND,IP-ADV,HVD;~cat_Ve,Had
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT-CND,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,PRO,he
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT-CND,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,NEG,not
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT-CND,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,BEN;~La,been
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT-CND,IP-ADV,IP-PPL-CAT,ADJP-PRD2,ADJ,dead
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,I
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,would
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,HV;~cat_Ve,have
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Ipr,gone
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR-LOC,P-ROLE,into
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR-LOC,NP,D,the
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR-LOC,NP,ADJP,ADJ,little
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR-LOC,NP,ADJP;@3,ADJ,dark
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-CLR-LOC,NP,N,room
ID,72_a_joyce_1914

temporal adverbial:

(5.46): IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-ADV,VBP,Come
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,N,spring
IP-MAT,PUNC,<comma>
IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,you
IP-MAT,MD;~cat_Vi,<apos>ll
IP-MAT,IP-INF-CAT,BE;~cat_Vg,be
ID,59_susanne_n13

A verbless subclause:

(5.47): ILYR,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-ADV,ADJP-PRD2,NP,D,The
ILYR,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-ADV,ADJP-PRD2,ADJR,closer
ILYR,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,D,the
ILYR,PP-SCON-TMP,IP-ADV,NP-SBJ,N,inspection
ILYR,PUNC,<comma>
ILYR,ADJP-147,NP,D,the
ILYR,ADJP-147,ADJ,less
ILYR,ADJP-147,PP,P-ROLE,like
ILYR,ADJP-147,PP,NP,D,a
ILYR,ADJP-147,PP,NP,PULQ,<lquo>
ILYR,ADJP-147,PP,NP,ADJP,ADJ,classical
ILYR,ADJP-147,PP,NP,PURQ,<rquo>
ILYR,ADJP-147,PP,NP,ADJP,ADJ,demographic
ILYR,ADJP-147,PP,NP,N,transition
ILYR,NP-SBJ,D,the
ILYR,NP-SBJ,ADJP,ADJ,British
ILYR,NP-SBJ,N,record
ILYR,VBP;~cat_Vt,seems
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,TO,to
ILYR,IP-INF-CAT,BE;~La,be
ID,57_lucy_bnc_b26

5.7 Subjunctive

Table 5.55: Marking for subjunctive clauses

`%`	subjunctive clause

(5.48): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,NPR,Joe
IP-MAT,ADVP-MOD,ADV,naturally
IP-MAT,VBD;~Tf,ruled
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB%,C,that
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB%,NP-SBJ,D,a
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB%,NP-SBJ,N,ball
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB%,BE;~cat_Ve_passive_,be
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB%,IP-PPL-CAT,NP-LGS,*
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB%,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN;~Tn.pr,dropped
ID,107_susanne_a14

(5.49): IP-MAT,NP-SBJ,PRO,It
IP-MAT,VBD,urged
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB%,C,that
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB%,NP-SBJ,D,the
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB%,NP-SBJ,N,city
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB%,PULQ,<ldquo>
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB%,VB,take
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB%,NP-OB1,NS,steps
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB%,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,TO,to
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB%,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,VB,remedy
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB%,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,PURQ,<rdquo>
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB%,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,NP-OB1,D,this
IP-MAT,CP-THT-OB1,IP-SUB%,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-INF,NP-OB1,N,problem
ID,11_susanne_a01

(5.50): IP-MAT,PUNC,<mdash>
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV%,BE;~cat_Ve_passive_,be
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV%,NP-SBJ,PRO,they
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV%,IP-PPL-CAT,VVN,drawn
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV%,IP-PPL-CAT,RP,up
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV%,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LGS,P-ROLE,by
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV%,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LGS,NP,ADJP,AJLYR,ADJP,ADJ,small
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV%,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LGS,NP,ADJP,AJLYR,CONJP,CONJ,or
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV%,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LGS,NP,ADJP,AJLYR,CONJP,ADJP,ADJ,large
IP-MAT,PP-SCON-CNT,IP-ADV%,IP-PPL-CAT,PP-LGS,NP,NS,employers
ID,3_lucy_bnc_b21